Code-switching and the use of different varieties of English in blogs in a multilingual context

Code-switching and the wont of disaccordent varieties of face in blogs in a multilingual contextAbstractThis support paper attempts to rationalize the reasons as to why code-switching and different varieties of English argon utilise in blogs among five-year-old adults who ar skilful in the dustup. The varieties that were found in all 6 case aim blogs differ precise much in style and play, ranging anywhere from colloquial to formal, or written in grammatically correct English to simple use of the voice communication along with mild to heavy code-switching. Three important questions were raised and answered in the paper, namely i) what are the varieties of languages apply in the blogs? ii) to what extent does the code-switching take place (e.g. reciprocation, sentence level)? and iii) what are the reasons for the occurrences of the code-switching?1. IntroductionThe accentuate of ones birthplace lingers in the mind and in the heart as it does in ones vernacular Rochefo ucauld, Maximes, 342Blogs are currently a growing tr annihilate, especially among the younger generation who are technologically savvy. Maintaining a blog is al close to a average and to both(prenominal) people, something that they set upnot live with emerge. Many of these youngsters regard blogs as their means of expressing their sense of independence and individualism. It is their private world a place where they are able to direct their mind without anyone questioning them (disregarding instances of comments be left by readers). However, just like the writers themselves who are different from one another, the language varieties that are used in these blogs differ very much in style and form, reflecting the writers individuality. The language place betray from being colloquial to formal, or in cases where the writers are multilingual, display instances of heavy code-switching. These reasons for code-switching could range from trying to create a sense of importance about a true topic or individual, to simply wanting to reflect ones individualism and background knowledge by using certain expressions that are intended to exclude or include certain speech communities. For example, a blog written in the Malayalam language is meant hardly for readers who are able to read and write in the language, and thus not for the purpose of general viewing. This study attempts to examine the use of code-switching in certain Malayan blogs and examine the possible reasons for code-switching by individuals who are proficient in English. 2. Literature ReviewHaugen (1953, p.7) defines bilingualism as a phenomenon where the speaker of one language can produce complete meaningful utterances in the other language. As highlighted in Hakuta (1986), Mackey (1967) has to a fault claimed that bilingualism, far from being exceptional, is a problem which affects the majority of the worlds tribe (p.11). This is a secernment that I do not fully agree on, because bilingualism shou ld not be considered a problem, exclusively much a reflection of fast globalization and an increasingly borderless world. Hakuta (1986, p.10) too explains that the story of bilingualism is in offset about the changing perspectives of social scientists, metamorphoses that occur not simply as a portion of trends in the profession but as a function of trends in society as a whole. This is something quite relevant to the topic of bilingualism as it has a lot to do with the changing perspectives of society and how it really functions as a trend. In Paradiss (Ed.) (1978), it is claimed that since the reference of individual idiosyncratic factors seems to be an important shot of code-switching, in that among groups of approximately equal bilingual abilities, some code-switch more than others, a complete de endpointination of the sufficient conditions for code-switching believably lies beyond the reach of behavioral sciences. Paradis (1978) in addition gain ground stated that within a given linguistic community, there appears to be no single set of norms that de marchesines how very much, within a single sentence, languages whitethorn shifted, nor how many newsworthinesss or syllables must intervene between switches. This is very true if bilingual communities such as within the Malaysian context are observed, where most of the people are multilingual and code-switching is an almost sub-conscious part of their lives.Dopke (1992), claims that code-switching can arise as a result of changes to the participants in a conversation, the setting, the discourse fictional character or the topic or by the speakers need to emphasize or clarify a point, to attract or retain the tending of the minder, to quote somebody else or to simply exclude or include specific audiences. For example, Pillai (2008) shows that code-switching in this context is related to the concept of power and solidarity, and reflects ones identity within a community. Adler (1977, p.154), poi nts out that if a person were to learn a language in his base of operations country, and learns it good, he go forth be affected by it to some extent. Adler (1977, p.154) further adds that he will have to absorb at least part of the culture of the society whose language he learnsspeaking the language with natives will not only perfect his knowledge but he will also change code-switch more than would be the case otherwise. This is delinquent to the influence of other languages in his environment which affects his primary language. This theory would be used as the theoretical framework in the analysis of data from the case study blogs used for this frame paper. In a study on the use of Tagalog-English in blogs written by Filipino bloggers, Smedley (2006) summarized that switching is not merely a product of how speakers mention to the orderly production of conversation, but also a product of how they practise to the inherent heteroglossic nature of language and exploit their l inguistic repertoire maximally to put one over their communication as effective as possible, and to construct and negotiate multiple identities. This is proven when an individual code-switch to further elaborate and explicate meanings through communication with others just about them, for example when using certain terms or phrases unique to a certain vernacular language in a predominantly English conversation. This is an cardinal premise of which I will attempt to examine in this study.Pillai (2008) also points out that switching can be at the micro level of accent switching in the Malaysian context where speakers do not change language variety but put on a different ethnical accent to reflect ones identity within a community i.e. to be included in various speech communities.It is also pointed out by Ibrahim (2005, cited in Pillai 2008) that there exists a craving to use our own brand of English to construct a sense of belonging and identity and to emphasize solidarity or oth erwise, and to announce a particular stance or emotion. This is another underlying premise regarding code-switching that this study attemps to explore. Similarly, Lipski (2008) discusses the sense of identity as seen within the context of code-switching and bilingualism.This study will be based on the two assumptions. The first is the assumption by Adler (1977, p.154), that if a person were to learn a language in his home country, and learns it well, he will be affected by it to some extent. Adler further adds that He will have to absorb at least part of the culture of the society whose language he learnsspeaking the language with natives will not only perfect his knowledge but he will also change code-switch more than would be the case otherwise.The second would be a hypotheses by Smedley (2006) where he claims that switching is not merely a product of how speakers attend to the orderly production of conversation, but also a product of how they attend to the inherent heteroglossic nature of language and exploit their linguistic repertoire maximally to progress their communication as effective as possible, and to construct and negotiate multiple identities. 3. AimThis research aims to examine the extent of code-switching in blogs written by individuals who are proficient in the English Language, and to determine the possible reasons for code-switching. In relation to these aims, the research questions that are addressed by this study are as follows1. What are the varieties of languages used in the blogs? 2. To what extent does the code-switching take place (e.g. word, sentence level)? 3. What are the reasons for the occurrences of the code-switching?4. MethodologyIn order to obtain the relevant data for this research paper, 6 (6) blogs were chosen three blogs each from writers of the two major ethnic groups in Malaysia, namely Chinese and Malays. The writers of all six blogs that were chosen are first, second and ternion year English major students from t he Faculty of Languages and Linguistics, University of Malaya. The main reason as to why only English major students were chosen is because they are proficient in the language, and thus would provide interesting data which may provide answers to the research questions raised. All six blogs were analyzed to examine the varieties of languages used, and the extent to which they were used as well as the reasons for the code-switching.The analysis was done based on two levels i) intra-language (variations within English) code-switching at word and sentence level and ii) inter-language code-switching at word and sentence level.5. Findings preachingFor this research, only data (blog entries) from the months of July to December 2008 were looked at and analysed. This is so that the data acquired is not too broad or too general, resistanta pointing out specific expound which would help in the analysis of data. Three blogs by Malay bloggers and another three blogs by Chinese bloggers wer e studied and used as data. 5.1 Intra-language code-switching at word levelI wus lyk, black out .This sentence is quite interesting as it is made up of a fewer different varieties of English. The word wus is rattling was, and this method of spelling and pronunciation is used mainly in African American Vernacular English speech. The word lyk, which is actually a short form of like, is used primarily in non-standard American English speech, where the word is inserted in the middle of sentences usually before a verb to describe ones emotional state or reaction. notice anything kewl today on my page The term kewl here is actually a differed spelling for cool, used usually in youngrs and young adults jargon. The term, in this context, amazes about the meaning of different and/or interesting or good. The pronunciation for the word is as its written form. I fucking despise my fucking life .In this sentence from one of the bloggers entries, the curse word fucking is used twice to furth er illustrate her anger and frustration. This syntactical defining is generally considered non-standard in adjunct to being offensive or taboo. However, many youngsters these days use this term very freely and it is accepted among the youth today. So Ill say, screw you . Similarly, the phrase screw you is considered non-standard, although not as offensive as the earlier example. This phrase has a few attached meanings to it including fuck you and to nether region with you. n btw, its from mahatma gandhi .In this sentence, the blogger uses the term btw which is an acronym for the phrase by the look. This acronym is non-standard English and is used only in written form. In addition to that, n is used in replacement of the more standard And, although it is not usually used at the beginning of a formal sentence. And the prick just went on . Although the blogger uses a generally informal variety of written English, she does code-switch to a non-standard term in between her words the use of the term prick, for example, is considered offensive and taboo in most cases. Here, it is used mainly to illustrate her frustration and anger. 5.2 Intra-language code-switching at sentence levelI terribly hearts you .This is a unique way of youngsters present tense to express their love or liking for something, usually towards non-animate objects, as seen here where the blogger expresses her liking for a TV programme. This style of writing is not accepted in Standard English however it is so in modern teenagers jargon. What the heck .The phrase highlighted here is a very informal utterance which is used to simply depict ones annoyance. This sentence is generally considered non-standard and is usually used to show exasperation or displeasure towards something, as seen in the example above. Oh no-ness .This phrase is considered ungrammatical in addition to being non-standard. Although for the most part the blogger uses standard and grammatically accepted written English, she chooses to switch to a less grammatical sentence structure, in this case most probably for the purpose of emphasizing her disappointment. 5.3 Inter-language code-switching at word levelNenek belanja all 8 of us to watch the movie .Here, the blogger code-switches from English to Malay to draw attention to the fact that her grandmother (whom she refers to as Nenek a result of her hailing from a Malay culture background) had hard-boiled all eight of her siblings and family members to a movie. This is an interesting feature as many people in Malaysia, regardless of their age, race and English proficiency level, use the term belanja quite often to replace the English equivalent treated. It is the main reason as to why the term, like many others akin to it, has a very Malaysian flavour to it.even my abah had forgotten that it was my bday Similarly, another blogger from a Malay culture background used the term abah to refer to her father. She does not use the English terms father (forma l) or dad (informal), but chooses instead to keep the term she uses to call him abah. As seen in the examples here, words or phrases referring to kinship terms are generally maintained in written form. This can be due to the habit or familiarity with the concept (family members) which flummoxs it easier to refer to them with the names as per given and called. Whatever la .The term la is a very typical Colloquial Malaysian English discourse particle which is used primarily used at the end or beginning of a sentence, though occasionally they are inserted in the middle of sentences. Influenced by the Malay languages -lah affix, it is commonly used in English conversations for various reasons, such as to create a sense of Malaysian-ism for an individual or to alter the meaning or tone of a sentence (to stress a point, persuade, show an acceptance of an offer, show treaty or admittance, or to soften a brusque reply).plus, pray to Allah that those who r responsible for th death wil ac cept th biggest punishment in th world .In the sentence above, the blogger refers to God as Allah. This is due to her ethnical background i.e. being a Muslim. Usually, Muslims tend to refer to God as Allah because that is the term used to refer to God in the Muslim holy book, the Al-Quran. Many Muslims grow up having to learn and read the book, as well as go for religious classes all of which influences each and every one of them in terms used to refer to religious matters including the name for God. maybe theres hikmah in all of this .Here, the blogger uses the term hikmah to bring about the meaning of silver lining. The Malay language term was chosen and used most probably because of the cultural background (being a Malay) of the blogger herself, where this term is used more often as compared to the English language equivalent. In addition to that, the Malay term is preferred most probably due to the meaning it produces the English translation of the term does not fully explain a nd carry the meaning of the term as compared to Malay. First attempt to insert a new stickpatah .Here the blogger code-switches from English to Malay in one of her entries. This term is widely used in the Malay language, as well as Colloquial Malaysian English where it is used to mean anything that is broken. In the context of this access, the blogger uses the term to refer to her ruined hand fan. wae-yo saranghae-yo This particular blogger code-switches from English to Korean in one of the entries. Although she is not Korean by heritage, she is interested in Korean culture and this is proven by her statement i guess some of you already know of my fondness for all things Korean e.g. dramas, songs, actors, singers, food etc. therefore i wont say much. Due to the nature of the topic discussed in this particular entry (related to the Korean culture, specifically music), the blogger chooses to code-switch between English and Korean, although only at word level, most probably because s he is not proficient in the language. listen to my plead of untaggin moi .This particular blogger as seen here, code-switches from English to French. There is no apparent reason as to why she code-switches in this context, although it can be deduced that she has had some kind of exposure to the French language to be able to code-switch freely. In addition to that, she might have chosen to code-switch in this context to create more violence on herself.Im trying to earn money to pay for my cravings for oyster mee suah .The blogger code-switches from English to Chinese in this particular entry, where the term mee suah is used, used to refer to a favourite dish among the Chinese community. Due to the inexistence of the term in English, the blogger chooses to use the Chinese term to illustrate the concept. However, only people whom are familiar with the Chinese language and/or dishes would be able to relate and fully comprehend the bloggers thoughts and points. Uncle, please hor . In this sentence, the blogger inserts a Chinese discourse particle in an English phrase. The origination of this term is to indicate a mode or sense of sarcasm as well as emphasis, where in this context the blogger is being sarcastic to a Chinese cab driver who was very rude to her. I busy ma .This particular blogger inserts the Chinese discourse particle ma at the end of her sentence. It is slot in at the end to stress her point, as well as a reminder to others that she was busy at the referred point in time. Stupidnya The suffix -nya from the Malay language is used very commonly among Malaysians of all race and cultural background not just when using Malay but also English. Here, the suffix is inserted alongside English words (usually adjectives, as seen in the example above). This is frequently done to put emphasis on the state of something or psyche at a certain point of time. The usage of this suffix, in addition to other examples, tends to create a truly Malaysian feeling as on ly Malaysians tend to use the -nya suffix in this unique manner.5.4 Inter-language code-switching at sentence levelHabis cerita . As seen here, the blogger ends her primarily English language entry with this Malay utterance. In the context of this entry, the blogger used this phrase in substitution of None of this would have happened or Problem solved. This popular Malay phrase is used quite commonly among Malaysians to create a meaning close to Not having so many problems. The blogger probably chose to use the Malay phrase not only because she is Malay, but because the English equivalent to the phrase may not provide the exact intended meaning as compared to the Malay phrase. Soy Estudiante de Espana This particular blogger starts off her entry in Spanish, but continues in English, further explaining that she would be sitting for her Spanish examination later on that morning, which clarifies the reason as to why she code-switches from English to Spanish in this particular entry. T iap-tiap hari lepas habis buka puasa mesti kemas rumah .For this particular entry, the blogger starts off in Malay and continues her post in English. Here it may be because of the nature of the situation itself where the practice of Buka Puasa is a Malay/Islamic culture, so the writer chooses to express this statement in the Malay language to make her point, as the custom of Buka Puasa is somewhat related to kemas rumah i.e. cleanup the house in preparation for the Hari Raya celebrations. aku tak tau knape. aku sgt curious nk tau wether Although this blog is primarily written in English, this particular entry was in Malay with a few English words inserted here and there. The main reason as to why this entry was written in the Malay language is most probably due to the nature of the topic discussed in the entry related to religion. Islam is almost always associated with the Malay language because the religion itself is taught in Malay, with translations of Arab phrases and terms in to Malay. Thus, when one talks about matters relating to Islam, the use of Malay is, more of than not, preferred even by individuals who are generally proficient in the English language. Tidur, makan, TV, mahjong .This particular blogger does not code-switch as often as compared to the other five bloggers, except on certain occasions only. In this entry the blogger code-switches form English to Malay, albeit for one sentence only. She most probably did this to emphasize the activities that she had been busy with i.e. sleeping, eating, watching TV and playing mahjong (a board game popular among the Chinese) all of which are forms of relaxation, which is something that is quite often regarded as being part of truly Malaysian. 6. ConclusionAlong with physical appearance and cultural characteristics, language is part of what distinguishes one nation from another Finegan, Edward (2004)The varieties of English used in all six blogs range anywhere from standard to non-standard or colloqu ial, as well as grammatical to ungrammatical. In addition to that, other languages are also used alongside English in various entries of all the blogs. These languages include Chinese, Malay, Korean, French and Spanish. The code-switching that takes place in these blogs are not only at word level but also at the sentence level. In some instances, whole entries are in a different language altogether, with a few English words inserted in between lines. There are many reasons as to why code-switching occur in all the blogs researched. In some instances, it may be due to the individual trying to draw attention to something significant regarding certain matters. Here, when a person attempts to emphasize something that is regarded important and needs to be highlighted, code-switching happens both from English to the individuals mother tongue or in certain cases, from English to a foreign language(s). Another reason is as to why code-switching occurs in these blogs is the desire of an ind ividual to stand out among many others. In this case, a person may use certain expressions and phrases which automatically include or exclude selected speech communities. These expressions and phrases may be within English itself where an individual may switch form a certain variety of English to another, or between a dominant language (English, in this context) to another. It is interesting to point out that all the blogs chosen for the purpose of this research were written by individuals who are quite proficient in English. This in mind, one would assume that the possible code-switching that might take place would not be as extensive as what is seen here. However this look was proven wrong, as most individuals are affected by other languages existing around them in one way or another. In a multilingual context such as in Malaysia, it is clear that the assumption by Adler (1977, p.154) that when one learns a language in his home country, and learns it well, he will be affected by it to some extent. Case in point where the blogs that were analysed all had numerous instances of code-switching from English to ones mother tongue (Chinese and Malay). Here, it is apparent that ones cultural background affects ones speech not only verbally but also in written from. Smedleys (2006) claim where he argues that switching is not merely a product of how speakers attend to the orderly production of conversation, but also a product of how they attend to the inherent heteroglossic nature of language and exploit their linguistic repertoire maximally to make their communication as effective as possible, and to construct and negotiate multiple identities is also proven right in this research. When an individual attempts to make a point clear or highlight a certain matter in argument, code-switching occurs. Knowledge of more than one language helps one to bring out the intended meaning of something during an argument, where it is presumed that with the use of more than one lan guage, meanings can be emphasized and made clear. As a result, communication is made more effective. Smedley (2006) also claims that code-switching also occurs due to the desire of an individual to construct and negotiate multiple identities. Here, an individual is seen as wanting to bring out more than what is seen by others around them. For example, an individual who is able to speak and write in grammatically correct and Standard English tries to bring out more than what meets the eye. There is a desire to reveal a different side of the person, working more like an alter egoReferencesAdler, Max K. (1977). Collective and individual bilingualism A sociolinguistic study. Hamburg Helmut Buske Verlag Hamburg.Afendras, Evangelos A. (Ed.). (1980). Patterns of bilingualism. Singapore Singapore University Press. Bilingualism An Overview. (n.d.). Retrieved November 18, 2008, from http//psych.colorado.edu/colunga/P7215/overview.pdfBlog. (2008). Retrieved November 18, 2008, from http//en.wik ipedia.org/wiki/BlogCode-switching. (2008). 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Speaking Engl ish the Malaysian way correct or not?. English Today.24 (4), 42-45.Suojanen, Pivikki. Aspects of identity Rights and obligations of ethnic groups. Retrieved November 18, 2008, from http//www.njas.helsinki.fi.pdf-files/vol1num2/suojanen.pdfVan Gelderen, Elly Macswan, Jeff. Interface conditions and code-switching Pronouns, lexical DPs, and checking theories. Retrieved November 18, 2008, from http//www.public.asu.edu/gelderen/elly-jeff-CS.pdfAppendixBlogger 1 (Malay writer), taken from http//littlecharmvinyls.blogspot.com/ and http//zsazubir.blogspot.com/ Blogger 2 (Malay writer) taken from http//sy4h33r4h.blog.friendster.com/Blogger 3 (Malay writer) taken from http//juzshahidah.blogspot.com/Blogger 4 (Chinese writer) taken from http//ling3586.blogspot.com/Blogger 5 (Chinese writer) taken from http//mandychockjy.blogspot.com/Blogger 6 (Chinese writer) taken from http//evonhooi.blogspot.com/