religious policies of England and France from 1603 to 1715 :: essays research papers

Describe the religious policies of England and France from 1603 to 1715. Why do you think rulers feared religious toleration so much?When discussing wherefore the rulers feared religious toleration and how their fears affected what religious policies were enforced, one must first look at what events transpired through the years to get a full accord of the word stubbornness. During the early years, the English church was dividing into a conservative multitudeing site that wanted to retain the religious ceremonies and the hierarchy of the church and a radical, Calvinist camp called Puritans who wanted to "purify" the church of everything not contained in the Old and New Testaments. The Puritans demanded that the English church abandon the elaborate ceremonies and flatten the hierarchy of the church into something to a greater extent closely resembling the voluntary associations of the Calvinist church. King James, however, would have none of the Puritan argument and declar ed, in 1604, that he was fully in the camp of the religious conservatives. This voice between the monarch and the Puritans, which would be continued by his son, Charles I, lit the fire that ignited the English Civil War.Charles sided with the religious conservatives against the more radical Puritans. The archbishop of Canterbury, William Laud, was particularly contrasted to the Puritans complaints and Charles allowed him to freely take any measures to stifle their dissent. In 1633, Charles forbade Puritans from publishing or preaching, and in 1637, they tried to bring Scotland under the fold of the English church. The Scots had, for a long time, a Calvinist church based on a flattened hierarchy and the purification of the religion of all non-Biblical practices. The imposition of the English church--which include the English prayerbook, church hierarchy, and rituals and sacraments that were derived from Catholic ceremony--was too much for the Scots to take. So they rebelled. The E nglish Civil War started as a conflict between sevens and Charles over constitutional issues it fired its way to its conclusion through the growing religious constituent in England. The monarch was supported by the aristocracy, property owners, and by the adherents of the Anglican "high church," which retained the ceremonies and hierarchy so despised by the Puritans. The parliamentary cause was supported by the middle class, the Puritans, and the radical Protestants. The kings forces roundly beat the fantanary forces for almost two years and the parliamentary cause seemed all but lost.In 1642, however, Parliament reorganized its army under the leadership of Oliver Cromwell, who was a landowner and, in religious matters, an Independent.religious policies of England and France from 1603 to 1715 essays research papers Describe the religious policies of England and France from 1603 to 1715. Why do you think rulers feared religious toleration so much?When discussing why th e rulers feared religious toleration and how their fears affected what religious policies were enforced, one must first look at what events transpired through the years to get a full intellect of the word stubbornness. During the early years, the English church was dividing into a conservative camp that wanted to retain the religious ceremonies and the hierarchy of the church and a radical, Calvinist camp called Puritans who wanted to "purify" the church of everything not contained in the Old and New Testaments. The Puritans demanded that the English church abandon the elaborate ceremonies and flatten the hierarchy of the church into something more closely resembling the voluntary associations of the Calvinist church. King James, however, would have none of the Puritan argument and declared, in 1604, that he was fully in the camp of the religious conservatives. This division between the monarch and the Puritans, which would be continued by his son, Charles I, lit the fire t hat ignited the English Civil War.Charles sided with the religious conservatives against the more radical Puritans. The archbishop of Canterbury, William Laud, was particularly contradictory to the Puritans complaints and Charles allowed him to freely take any measures to stifle their dissent. In 1633, Charles forbade Puritans from publishing or preaching, and in 1637, they tried to bring Scotland under the fold of the English church. The Scots had, for a long time, a Calvinist church based on a flattened hierarchy and the purification of the religion of all non-Biblical practices. The imposition of the English church--which include the English prayerbook, church hierarchy, and rituals and sacraments that were derived from Catholic ceremony--was too much for the Scots to take. So they rebelled. The English Civil War started as a conflict between Parliament and Charles over constitutional issues it fired its way to its conclusion through the growing religious division in England. Th e monarch was supported by the aristocracy, landowners, and by the adherents of the Anglican "high church," which retained the ceremonies and hierarchy so despised by the Puritans. The Parliamentary cause was supported by the middle class, the Puritans, and the radical Protestants. The kings forces roundly beat the Parliamentary forces for almost two years and the Parliamentary cause seemed all but lost.In 1642, however, Parliament reorganized its army under the leadership of Oliver Cromwell, who was a landowner and, in religious matters, an Independent.

Regents of the University of California v. Bakke :: American America History

Regents of the University of California v. Bakke established in 1968, the medical school at the University of California implemented a particular(a) admissions programme to increase the representation of minorities in each entering curriculum. at that place was one underlying problem with their special admissions program that was not addressed until 1973 when Allan Bakke submitted his application to the University of California. Their special admissions program worked by reserving sixteen percent of the entering class for minorities. The minorities entering through this special admissions program were processed and consultationed separately from the regular applicants. The bulls eye pull down averages and standardized test scores from the special-admissions entrants were significantly lower than the grade point averages and standardized test scores of the regular entrants, including our dear friend Allan Bakke. In 1973 Allan Bakke utilise to the medical school at the Universi ty of California. His application was rejected because it was saturnine in near the end of the year and by the time his application was up for favor they were only accepting those who had scored 470 or better on their interview scores. Bakke had only scored a 468 out of the possible 500. When he learned that four of the special-admissions spots were left unfilled at the time his application was rejected he wrote a letter to Dr. George H. Lowrey, the associate dean and chairman of the admissions committee, stating how the special admissions system was unjust and prejudiced. When Bakke use again in 1974 he was once again rejected. This time Bakke sued the University of California. His position was that the school had excluded him on the basis of his slipstream and violated his rights under the Equal protective covering Clause of the Fourteenth Amendment, the California Constitution, and civil rights legislation. The trial hail ruled in Bakkes favor, however they did not order th e University of California to recognize him. Bakke appealed to the California autocratic Court where they ruled that the schools admissions programs were unconstitutional and ordered the school to admit Bakke as a student. The school appealed this last and brought it to the Supreme Court to argue their case on October 12th 1977. The Supreme Court upheld the California Supreme Courts decision with a 5-4 vote. The Court also ruled that the special-admissions program constituted reverse discrimination and was so illegal. The Court also said that schools could continue to look at race as a factor when accepting applicants, but they could not set up a quota system or look at race as the only deciding factor.Regents of the University of California v. Bakke American America HistoryRegents of the University of California v. BakkeEstablished in 1968, the medical school at the University of California implemented a special admissions program to increase the representation of minorities in each entering class. There was one underlying problem with their special admissions program that was not addressed until 1973 when Allan Bakke submitted his application to the University of California. Their special admissions program worked by reserving sixteen percent of the entering class for minorities. The minorities entering through this special admissions program were processed and interviewed separately from the regular applicants. The grade point averages and standardized test scores from the special-admissions entrants were significantly lower than the grade point averages and standardized test scores of the regular entrants, including our dear friend Allan Bakke. In 1973 Allan Bakke applied to the medical school at the University of California. His application was rejected because it was turned in near the end of the year and by the time his application was up for consideration they were only accepting those who had scored 470 or better on their interview scores. Bakk e had only scored a 468 out of the possible 500. When he learned that four of the special-admissions spots were left unfilled at the time his application was rejected he wrote a letter to Dr. George H. Lowrey, the associate dean and chairman of the admissions committee, stating how the special admissions system was unjust and prejudiced. When Bakke applied again in 1974 he was once again rejected. This time Bakke sued the University of California. His position was that the school had excluded him on the basis of his race and violated his rights under the Equal Protection Clause of the Fourteenth Amendment, the California Constitution, and civil rights legislation. The trial court ruled in Bakkes favor, however they did not order the University of California to admit him. Bakke appealed to the California Supreme Court where they ruled that the schools admissions programs were unconstitutional and ordered the school to admit Bakke as a student. The school appealed this decision and br ought it to the Supreme Court to argue their case on October 12th 1977. The Supreme Court upheld the California Supreme Courts decision with a 5-4 vote. The Court also ruled that the special-admissions program constituted reverse discrimination and was therefore illegal. The Court also said that schools could continue to look at race as a factor when accepting applicants, but they could not set up a quota system or look at race as the only deciding factor.

Students Should Study Twain’s Adventures of Huckleberry Finn Essay

Mark Twain published what scholars still consider unity of the greatest American literary works in 1885, and in that same year it suffered its first banning (Zwick). Adventures of huckabackleberry Finn is essential to the understanding of the American soul, Victor Doyno states on the jacket of Random Houses comprehensive edition of the novel. If Huckleberry Finn is so indispensable, then its having been opposed from the beginning of its life seems more than a little surprising. At first, the strife was caused by many objecting to the friendship between Huckleberry Finn, the white protagonist, and Jim, an escaped African American slave, in addition to the grammar upon which many critics of the time frowned. As our corporation experiences changes in priorities, taboos, and social trends, the points of concern shift, and no longer do critics grimace at an interracial friendship instead, they attack the racism supposedly present (Chadwick). A number of students, parents, and, on less frequent occasions, teachers claim that Huckleberry Finn possesses racist overtones and try to have it removed from school libraries and the curriculum. Despite the controversy, Huckleberry Finn, in which Twain delivers an honest film of the 1800s, maintains its stance as a classic piece of literature beneficial to a students education (Chadwick). The shallowest and most prevalent argument involves the repeated, well-nigh attackers say excessive, use of the word nigger, which appears over two hundred times (Zwick). Today, the word is unquestionably one of the most offensive expletives in use the book, however, was not written for this decade, or even this century, and it certainly was not intended to be a written prediction of the future. Huck... ...nd hopefully in another century, his writing entrust continue to enlighten future students. WORKS CITED Blackface The Minstrel Tradition. Louisville University. 12 March 2003 http//www.louisville.edu/afcren01/blackface.html. Chadwick , Jocelyn. Why Huck Finn Belongs in Classrooms. Harvard Education Research Letter Online. November 2000. 10 February 2003 http//www.edletter.org/ recent/issues/2000-nd/huckfinn.shtml. Gregory Leslie. Finding Jim Behind the Mask The Revelation of African American Humanity in Mark Twains Adventures of Huckleberry Finn. Ampersand. 13 July 1998. 12 March 2003 http//itech.fgcu.edu/&/issues/vol1/huckfinn.htm. Salwen, Peter. Is Huck Finn a Racist Book? Salwen Business Communications. 1996. 10 February 2003 http//salwen.com/mtrace.html. Stereotype. Def. 2. Websters New Collegiate Dictionary. 1997.

Legalization of Marijuana :: Argumentative Persuasive Drugs Essays

The question of whether to legalize drugs or not is very controversial. Drugs affect so many areas of society. For several decades drugs harbor been one of the major problems of society. There are two views on the legalization of drugs some people conceive that they should be legalized, the other group of people think that they must not be legalized. I support those who refuse legalization of hard drugs. Well, and what ab stunned marijuana?Whether you call it hemp, Mary Jane, hash, pot, juane, giggle-smoke, kef, weed, grass, ganja, shit, marijuana, it is still Cannabis Sativa, or Cannabis for a short form (www.encyclopedia.com). It is classified as a soft drug and it is still illegal in our country. Marijuana has been used passim the world for centuries by almost every culture. The active ingredient in marijuana is called THC, or tetrahydrocannabinol. It is smoked in a pipe or rolled in a cigarette or it is eaten (www.nida.nih.gov). I dont have a straight opinion whether marijua na should be legalized or not. However, although legalization of this drug has many disadvantages, I think that marijuana should be legalized for several reasons it would cause the fall of the black market, the government might control it and the most of import reason to legalize marijuana is because of its medical effects.Some people feel that legalizing of marijuana would increase the number of users due to its availability. Marijuana would become cheaper and more operable to people who previously had not tried it because of the legal risk. Some of them also assert, that the temptation to use marijuana would increase when advertisments for it would displayed on television. I disagree with these opinions, because I think that people, who want to smoke marijuana, smoke it - if it is legal or illegal. I know plenty of people who have never smoked cigarettes, although smoking tobacco is legal and there exist plenty of advertisments for many kinds of cigarettes. By a large, these peo ple dont want to smoke and I think that anything would not persuade them. I think that it would be great to sell marijuana at apothecarys, because the black market would disappear and thousands of dealers would be put out of business. Another argument for legalization of marijuana and selling it at apothecarys is, that the government could regulate its use and could receive the profits of the drug business.

Marcus Garvey Essay -- Garvey biography Biographies bio Essays

Marcus Garvey &9"We declare to the world that Africa must be free, that the Negro race must be change state (p. 137 Altman, Susan. Extraordinary glum Americans.)" are the famous words delivered by Marcus Mosiah Garvey. Born a West Indian, he later(prenominal) became a powerful revolutionary who guide the nation into the Civil Rights Movement. Garvey dedicated his life to the uplifting of the Negro and to millions of Black people everywhere, he represented dignity and self-respect. Like Malcolm X of a later generation, he believed that Negroes could never achieve equality unless they became independent-founding their own nations and governments, businesses and industrial enterprises, and their own military establishments which are the equal institutions by which other peoples of the world have travel to power.&9Marcus Gravey was the eleventh child of Marcus and Sarah Gravey. He was born in 1887 in St. Anns Bay, a rural town on the north coast of Jamaica in the British W est Indies. Garvey learnd at a young age about the differences between the races. Being one of the few Blacks on the island, Garvey often played with the children of his unobjectionable neighbors. The little girl who lived next to the Garveys home informed Marcus that she was being sent away to school in Scotland and that she was instructed by her parents "never to write or try to get in touch with me, for I was a nigger." Although he was a good student, financial problems forced him to leave school at fourteen and become an apprentice. After helping organize a strike, Gravey was fired from his job. Garveys mind was clearly on politics and the need for organization rather than on his vocation.In 1910 Garvey helped to found a political organization named the Nation Club. He created the Watchman, the first of his many newspapers. The failure of both ventures made evident the need for silver to fun his political activities and Garvey joined the stream of West Indian workers m igrating to Central and South America in search of better opportunities. He worked briefly on a banana plantation in Costa Rica and for a newspaper in Panama and then went to London, England. While there, he worked for an Egyptian scholar, and learned more than of the history of Africa, particularly with reference to the exploitation of black peoples by colonial powers. After reading "Up From Slavery," ... ...her leader had before him. From a more historically viewpoint, Marcus Garvey must be regarded as an incredible visionary. Marcus Garvey was a man who undertook enormous and grandiose ideas and goals to empower and rise Black people all over the world. A man literally driven by the notion that the Negros sole means for achieving a unique culture in the 20th century was through the trigger of a unified, separatist empire in Africa. Although his ideas, in their ultimate form, may have been rejected by some of the people of his day, it is clear that, since then, these ve ry same ideas in a different perspective have had a favorable influence on the policies of many Negro leaders throughout history.BIBLIOGRAPHYAltman, Susan. Extraordinary Black Americans.&9©1989. Childrens calf love Chicago. pp. 137-138Cronon, David E. Great Lives Observed (Marcus Garvey).&9©1973, Prentice-Hall Englewood Cliffs.Franklin, John H. Black Leaders of the Twentieth Century&9©1982, University of Illinois Press Chicago. pp. 105-138Ploski, Harry A. The Negro Almanac.&9©1971, Bellwether Publishing Company New York. pp. 135-138 & 232

Marcus Garvey Essay -- Garvey biography Biographies bio Essays

Marcus Garvey &9"We declare to the world that Africa must be free, that the Negro race must be emancipated (p. 137 Altman, Susan. one(prenominal) Black Americans.)" are the famous words delivered by Marcus Mosiah Garvey. Born a West Indian, he later became a powerful radical who led the nation into the Civil Rights Movement. Garvey dedicated his life to the uplifting of the Negro and to millions of Black people e very(prenominal)where, he represented dignity and self-respect. Like Malcolm X of a later generation, he believed that Negroes could never achieve equality unless they became independent-founding their own nations and g all overnments, businesses and industrial enterprises, and their own military establishments which are the same institutions by which other peoples of the world affect risen to power.&9Marcus Gravey was the eleventh child of Marcus and Sarah Gravey. He was born in 1887 in St. Anns Bay, a rural town on the north soaring of Jamaica in the British West Indies. Garvey learnd at a young age about the differences between the races. Being one of the few Blacks on the island, Garvey often contend with the children of his white neighbors. The little girl who lived next to the Garveys home informed Marcus that she was being sent away to school in Scotland and that she was instructed by her parents "never to print or try to get in touch with me, for I was a nigger." Although he was a good student, financial problems forced him to leave school at fourteen and become an apprentice. After helping organize a strike, Gravey was fired from his job. Garveys mind was clearly on politics and the need for organization or else than on his vocation.In 1910 Garvey helped to found a political organization named the Nation Club. He created the Watchman, the first of his many newspapers. The failure of both ventures made evident the need for money to fun his political activities and Garvey joined the stream of West Indian workers migratin g to Central and South America in search of better opportunities. He worked presently on a banana plantation in Costa Rica and for a newspaper in Panama and then went to London, England. While there, he worked for an Egyptian scholar, and well-read much of the history of Africa, particularly with reference to the exploitation of black peoples by colonial powers. After reading "Up From Slavery," ... ...her leader had before him. From a to a greater extent historically viewpoint, Marcus Garvey must be regarded as an incredible visionary. Marcus Garvey was a man who undertook enormous and grandiose ideas and goals to empower and rise Black people all over the world. A man literally driven by the notion that the Negros sole means for achieving a unique culture in the 20th century was with the foundation of a unified, separatist empire in Africa. Although his ideas, in their ultimate form, may have been rejected by some of the people of his day, it is clear that, since then, these very same ideas in a different perspective have had a favorable influence on the policies of many Negro leaders throughout history.BIBLIOGRAPHYAltman, Susan. Extraordinary Black Americans.&9& facsimile1989. Childrens Press Chicago. pp. 137-138Cronon, David E. Great Lives Observed (Marcus Garvey).&9©1973, Prentice-Hall Englewood Cliffs.Franklin, John H. Black Leaders of the Twentieth Century&9©1982, University of Illinois Press Chicago. pp. 105-138Ploski, Harry A. The Negro Almanac.&9©1971, Bellwether Publishing Company New York. pp. 135-138 & 232

History of Mcdonalds Essay

Mcdonald is the world ren have fast regimen restaurant. The idea of mcdonalds was introduced by two br another(prenominal)s Mac (Maurice) and Dick (Richard) Mcdonald in California. their father Patrick Mcdonald in 1937 was having a hot dog cottage c exclusivelyed as Airdrome restaurant near the airport. In 1940 the restaurant was renamed as Mcdonalds Famous Barbeque. In 1940 two brothers came to a conclusion that most of their profit comes from snitching hamburger so they make their wag truly(prenominal) simple by selling only Hamberger,cheeseburger,soft drinks cut fries and apple pie. in 1954 a turning point came in mcdonalds brother history.Ray kroc a seller of Multi liquifyer milkshake visited mcdonald and he c be the idea of mcdonald. Mcdonalds corporation was build in those times and as a result kroc started expanding their logical argument by opening franchises for mcdonalds. 1960 mcdonalds advertising campaign realise for the golden arches gave mcdonalds sale a lar ger-than-life boost. 1965 mcdonald corporation went humanity. in 1968 mcdonal open its 1000th restaurant. 1974 mcdonalds started their business in UK and Newzealand. in 1980 mcdonalds was facing very big competition from its rival Burger might and Wendy but mcdonald with its innovation was experiencing boost in its sales.in early and mid ninties mcdonalds was having decline in their sales and as a result they start improving their business. gustatory perception was im evidenced and just about new circuit board items were introduced. Mcdonald introduced first Kosher Mcdonald in Jurusalam and Halal mcdonalds in india(1995 and 1996 respectively). mcdonald start cr eat full-blooded image and invested heavily on refurbishment in 2000s. to sidereal day mcdonalds has to a greater extent than than 33000 outlets and is operating in 125 countries. it is the world leading trade name in fast sustenance. Mcdonald started their business in india in 1996.they start their business in india s capital New delhi. they choose a busy residential vault of heaven Vasant Vihar. Mcdonald India is 50-50 ingredientnership between Mcdonald regular army corporation and Two Indians (Amit Jatia Hardcastle Restaurant ltd Mumbai and Vikram Bakshi Cannaught plaza restaurant Delhi). Mcdonald as of straighta route has 210 stores in india. majority of Indians atomic number 18 hindu and awe atomic number 18 sacred to them. for mcdonalds to sell beef was almost impossible. the second majority existence is muslim and they eat Halal food. It was a big ch in allenge for mcdonalds as there were m all protest against mcdonalds.So Mcdonald changed their menu according to local community for theoretical account they introduce Maharaja Mac instead of Bic Mac. their menu is full of some spicy products as we know that Indians use spice in their dishes in abundance. About 75 % of the menu of mcdonalds has been indianised and specially designed to woo Indians. Mcdonalds passed through with(p redicate) some tough times but eventually managed to survive in that different culture and different religious belief. Mcdonald by now has a big presence in India and atomic number 18 trying to extend this ahead. everyplace all mcdonalds serve more than 47 million nodes every day.MACRO INVIRONEMT PEST analysis Now I am doing PEST analysis of Mcdonalds. PEST analysis get out give us deatails about Political,Economical,Sociocultural and expert analysis and depressions of these analysis on Mcdonalds. I will be comparing both environments in USA and India. POLITICAL INFLUENCES These are some influences a come with doesnt carry any control of. USA politically is wellhead suited for business of Mcdonalds. Mcdonlad is very popular in USA. But political science is trying to control marketing of fast food because of health concern such as cholesterol,cardiovascular and obesity issues.Good relations in enclosures of creating jobs and task revenue for government is a must to succee d in any market. India is very rich country in terms of politics. The world largest democracy is usher in India. But being nationalist country they create some difficulties for foreign entries. Bhatiya Janata party is one of the leading Hindu national party and they are against fast food chains as they want to see only ve captivatearian restaurants in their country. Their party members always protest against fast food using core in their menu.Big risk for Mcdonalds is BJP. faithful news is that trends in India are changing and young slew equal to eat fast food. second good news is that India is changing slowly from nationalistic society to liberal mind set up and Congress party in force play is the main prove of liberal society. Mcdonalds expanded very fast in the last decade. ECONOMICAL INFLUENCE Economical variables such as currency exchange,employment,Interest set,tax ratio and fatality of planetary supply. Most of the organisations depend on foreign supply of raw metaria ls for their products making. Currency exchange also consent a great shock absorber on any organistion.USA has a High tax ratio,Low unemployment developed country,dealing in internatonal currency (Dollars). Business for Mcdonalds in USA is already established and low risked but for india higher(prenominal) unemployment rate,dealing in Rupees as currency and millions of people living below poverty line is a concern for Mcdonalds. but India is having a booming economy,low tax rate and availability of labour in abundance and development of middle class society in India is a ordained sign for Mcdonalds future tense. Sociocultural influences floriculture and society has a big impact on any organisation sales.Mcdonals in USA is serving a liberal society.religion has not much effect on Mcdonalds. culture is very much simple. But in India society is very versatile. though India is heavily populated but still Hindus dont eat meat,Muslim only eat Halal and they dont eat pork. In India r eligion has a very big impact on society. For Mcdonald it is a big concern. But in India life style is changing,earning power is increasing,middle class is getting large in its size and people like to eat outside in restaurants this has a very good impact on society. Technological influence One positive benefit of globalisation was technological advancement.Althogh Mcdonds doesnt use too many complicated machines in their food production but still they need highly agonistic engineering science. technology is needed for example in supply chain wariness,order taking,Inventory control,easy and quick payment procedures . Use of technology can make management more reliable,effective and cost thrift in short term as well as long term. Customers happiness after getting what they are looking for on time and in a deciplinery way make them come over and over again. in USA Mcdonalds use very effective and expensive technology to be in a very competitive position to their rivals.In india a s franchises they use high technology. they use very good till system,good and deciplined order taking and well managed staff who knows the proper use of technologies inside the store. MICRO ENVIRONMENTAl ISSUES Competitive Intensity Competitive intensity of Mcdonalds can be determined with ostiarys quint forces. Porter five forces is business schema formed by Michael E. Porter of Haward business school in 1979. he determined five forces which actually determines attractiveness of the market and competitiveness. these five forces are 1)Threats of new entrants.2)Threats of substitute 3)Bargaining power of guest 4)Bargaining power of supplier 5)Competitive rivalry with in organisation. 1)Threats of New inlet Entry to a restaurant Business is very difficult. It is hard to make a prominent brand name. there is high research and development cost and high cost of entry. Strong brands already in competition make it more difficult such as Mcdonalds,Pizza Hutt,Dominos etc. New entrants hardihood a very high competition in the start of the business. In USA and India both Entrance of new organisation is very difficult as explained above.2)Threats of Substitute The substitutes in this industry are very high. people can choose variety of products they can either choose Burger King,KFC,Indian Cuisine,Indian local shops,Indian Vegetarian restaurants. the same site is faced by Mcdonalds in USA and all over the world. 3)Bargaining power of customers Bargaining power of customes refers to pressure a customer can exert on a business to get good quality of food,good customer service and low price. Bargaining power of customer in this industry is low. As Mcdonalds stomach a standard service,one price strategy and quality of food.Customers have low bargaining power through out the world in food industry. 4)Bargaining power of supplier Bargaining power of buyer in this industry is low. situation can change if the main ingredients are not available. But with Mcdonalds simpl e menu and working with many supplier,they are not facing a big threat. so the bargaining power is relatively low. 5)Rivalry with in the organisation Fast food restaurant industry is very competitive. the competition is so high as all the organisations want to get hold of customer base.Food industy all over the world has the same criteria because there are many small businesses operating in abundance and also top brands. Mcdonalds knows about the customers try out and preferences all over the world. so they started Mccafe (morning breakfast). so Mcdonalds is providing quality food from early morning till late night in order to get competitive edge In the market. Customer Characteristic India is the second most populated country in the world. It has 28 states and almost 4 times the population of USA. India has more than one billion population. Three fourth of indian population lives in Urban areas.though per capita income is very low in india but still people like to spend on costly products and eating out. out of millions of households in India 49% lives on low income,30% turn away Middle income,12% Middle income group, 5% upper Middle income group and 4% high income group. comparing this with USA where middle income group is very high. consumers in India are highly family oriented. Mcdonalds targets high income earner,Middle income earner and lower middle income earner in India. Indian consumer are getting brand awareness through internet,TV,Newpaper,Radio,Megazine etc.Middle income group is getting bigger in size day by day as a result of economic boost in India and that is very good news for mcdonalds. Indian consumers are now getting environmental awareness. They like to use Eco-friendly products and Mcdonalds is very helpful in terms of packaging,and recycling. Family system gives a big chance for Mcdonalds to get their sale rise as Indians are buying food in bulks. Indian consumers are becoming very open minded which is a positive sign for Mcdonalds. For Mcdonalds to succeed as they are now,they should go to expand in urban areas as well as rural areas and target middle and lower income earners and beside this they should introduce certain products which can be afforded by low income earners. customers like spicy foods and Mcdonald has introduced many products which are spicy and tasting according to the preference of Indians. partnership ISSUES Competitive Strategies As we know fast food industry proved to be very competitive industry. Mcdonalds from its day first has always act to have strong competitive advantage over its rival. This is the only way for Mcdonalds to survive in globalised environment.Mcdonalds strong rivals KFC,Dominos,Pizza Hut and Subway are also operating in India as well as USA. In the fast food most important thing for some customers is how quickly you bourgeon order and ready the meal for customer. KFC and Jumbo King are offering very quick service to customers and in this way taking customers from Mc donalds . Mcdonalds has tried very well to overcome this advantage by making and readying its food as quick as possible.Mcdonalds is trying to improve its graph for customer satisfaction and they are investing heavily through out the world including India.mcdonalds uses Wi-Fi and they are trying to emphasise on demographic characteristic of its customers in the area. apiece month mcdonalds add some thing special in its menu.To check Mcdonalds quality and reliability administration has developed a very unique idea of Gapbuster visiting Mcdonalds as mystery customer. They are expertise who comes in the form of a customer and after serving give credit scoring to the store. Mcdonald has introduced McBreakfast from 6 am to 11 am. Mcdonalds in its competitive strategies is emphasising to target customers in the new urban areas.Mcdonalds Indian menu offers very competitive strategy for Mcdonalds. Vegetarian products,Halal and non vegetarian foods for its customer is a unique and successfu l idea in India. Kids like mcdonalds in India as they are giving handsome toys to customers who buy happy meal deals. Mcdonalds has actively invested in Discount vouchers given as a leaflets,newspapers,Magazines certainly is a good business strategy and it has boosted Mcdonalds customer number,Business and sales. Diversification Mcdonalds has diversified product range in India and all over the world.Due to diversified nature of products Mcdonalds is famous among masses. They offer McBreakfast,Lunch and Dinner,Coffee and many more diversified products. Now if Mcdonalds move to fully new business for example Hotel (McHotel) will be a concern. According to protector news moving to totally new business will damage the image of Mcdonalds. If they are really interested they should do a partnership with other company. As Burger King has done it. landor marketing Director said move like this will certainly change the fundamentals of the company. Diversification can be revealed from India n market.75 % menu has been Indianised. Halal food for Muslims has been introduced. Mcdonalds happy price menu in India,the 5ps and flexible operating platform all shows Mcdonalds to be a diversified organisation. Organisational Structure of Mcdonalds Mcdonalds has a centralised organisational structure. Centralised structure means the decision making comes from top management in the hierarchy and people on the floor are not contributing to the decision making. The decision making system is very much Bureucratic. In centralised structure main decisions are made by top level management.Mcdonalds all over the world has the same structure and they have to follow all the decisions from the produces company as they are working as a franchise. Most oof the fast food chains (for example KFC,Burger King etc) have the same centralised structure. Centralised structure has some advantages and disadvantages. Advantages like Common policy all over the world can easily be revealed and practised. other parts of the Business are stopped from being too independent. central control is easy to handle. it has great Economies of scales. specialisation can be used greatly.Disadvantages complicate some time too much bureaucratic organisation leads to extra layers in hierarchy. it can avoid motivation in staff as we go down the hierarchy because of lack of involvement in decision making process. Customers are not benefited some times as there is a need of quick decision making. Standardisation Vs Adaptation Standardisation Mcdonalds has a slogan. Think globally and act locally. Mcdonalds sell standardised product. the taste make up,ingredients,looks,weight etc will be similar In one part of the world to the other part of the world.Cheese Burger in United Kingdom will taste similar to a cheese burger in USA. Think globally and act locally can be proved in India as Mcdonalds in India has changed its menu list. Halal Burger and McVeggie burgers have been introduced looking to the cu stomers believes in India. Similar experience has been exercised in Middle east and Fiji. In Middle east eating of Bacon is banned by government. Halal food is served in Middle east. McVeggie Burger in India will taste the same in comparison to McVeggie burger in Fiji. Mcdonalds sell standardised products.All the products should be looking,tasting,weighing and prepared in the same way across the globe. McVeggie burger was prepared in India after Research and Development was condcucted purely in India. Adaptation Mcdonalds follows strategy of product version. Mcdonalds slogan think globally and act locally is the best example. the best example for mcdonalds adaptation strategy will be India. Mcdonalds cannot use beef Tallow to fry the fries and burger cutlets (Cows are sacred due to religious belief of Hindus).Bacon cannot be used in Middle east as they are Muslim countries and it is against their religious belief to eat pork. products are tailored according to the personal taste of the country people where it operates. Due to adaptation Mcdonalds menu in various countries is different. Motivation for marketplace entry Parent company of Mcdonalds USA was aware of some facts that motivated them to enter Indian market. some of them are given below. The worlds second largest country by population after china. Indias population is 4 times more then USA.India call itself the most democratic nation in the world so it means all the decisions are made by parliament and not one person or dictator who can freeze assets for a company in any kind of adult relations emerging. Brand awareness is improving day by day,literacy rate is improving,middle class is getting larger,econonomy of India is booming (now counted in BRIC s nations which means Brasil,Russia,India and China they are the fastest developing countries and future economic power),Unemployment is reducing,Laws are flexible for foreign businesses. all these facts contributed to motivation of Mcdonalds to enter I ndian fast food Market.Modes of Market entry There are different ways a company can start opening their business in another country. for example Franchising,licencing,Joint Venture,wholly owned subsidiary etc. But Mcdonalds entry to India involved join act and Franchising technique. Franchising is the right a firm acquires from another firm that allows them to do particular business activities, such as service or selling the good , under the name of a specific firm, e. g. McDonalds. in Franchising a company follows strict rules from its parent company. mcdonalds have 210 stores in India.Mcdonalds all over the world has almost 85% of franchises. the benefit of franchising is that in short period a company expands its business. the risk involved for parent company to move into another country and invest heavily can some times be too risky but when local people start doing it by themselves,the risk level is minimised. quality control is difficult with franchising. Although Mcdonalds indian is a 50-50 joint venture company managed by indian. Performance Much of retail is struggling in India but Mcdonalds has been seen unaffected and its training on accelerating its expansion on the Indian subcontinent.Mr Jatia who is managing half of the indian franchises said number of customer is jumping 10% to 15 % each month compared to a year ahead. people of India are now relying on Mcdonalds. Mcdonalds adaptation policy has boosted its sales. Mcdonalds annual sale through out the world is $29 billion annually. Burger king is the second largest fast food organisation in terms of sales and is strong competitive rival. Due to company having a customised menu in India Mcdonalds is getting popular day by day. performance can be measured in terms of outlets opened by Mcdonalds in the past years.in 2010 and 2011 Mcdonalds opened 80 stores in India.In 2010 mcdonalds sale improved by 30%. Vikram Bakshi MD Mcdonalds India said the total sale of $29 billion doller Mcdonalds india j ust accounts for 0. 37% of the whole sale. but the potential is so high and are expecting to get higher in future. Although Mcdonalds is facing certain problems like roads are not in very good condition for transport,power supply shortage etc but still sales rise and customer satisfaction shows that Mcdonalds in India is performing very well. Short,Medium and long term strategies employedStrategy is a planning that is used by an organisation to achieve its goal and objectives. short term strategy starts from a minute to 6 moths,medium account from 6 month to a year and long term mean 5 years or more strategy. In short term Mcdonalds is trying to bring in innovation and make customer get together. day to day issues are planned to satisfy customers. New products are introduced each month. in medium term they are trying to maximise its profit and sales. In long run Mcdonalds is planning to open new branches across india and indian Mcdonalds sale which accounts only 0.37 % of overall s ale of Mcdonald to be taken to 0. 50 percent and more in the coming years. SWOT ANALYSIS SWOT analysis is a strategic planning method used to evaluate strength weaknesses,opertunity and threats involved in a project or in Business. SWOT analysis will give us a quick review of an organisation current status. drudgery analysis for Mcdonalds in India Strength Mcdonalds is a market leader in the fast food industry. Mcdonalds has a very strong brand image. Mcdonald has expanded its business to more than 125 countries with more than 33000 outlets through out the world.mcdonalds has one competitive advantage and that is Strategic location.In India they are located in busy shopping malls,Airports and busy drive through. Weaknesses Mcdonalds has created very successful brand image but the market segment is too focused on Kids. Mcdonalds is often related to unhealthy food and obesity. Employee turn over rate is so high. these all are weaknesses of mcdonalds in the world and India in particul ar. Opportunity Mcdonalds can introduce healthy food consisting of low calories items. they should put more efforts in Reseach and Development.Management should try find ways to reduce food wastage which leads to cost control. new products with different variety should be introduced to capture the market. Threats Mcdonalds is facing major competition from its rivals KFC and Burger King all over the world. In India local curry shops are offering great challenge to mcdonalds. Company rapid growth has made mcdonalds very velnerable to other contries economic slowdown. Press associating Mcdonalds with obesity destroys Mcdonalds image. mcdonalds in the past has been sued for its unhealthy products.mcdonalds should try and solve these problems by investing heavily and effectively in research and development.MARKETING MIX OR 4 Ps Price,Product,Place,Promotion are collectively called as product mix. In order to meet organisational objectives product mix is considered to be very vital. it sh ould be viewed as coordinated and interated package of benefits that shows the characteristics of customers and and related place. Product product is the physical product or service that is offered to a customer. as we know that Mcdonalds is very customer oriented and all their products are customised according to the local community.in order to succeed in market research has suggested that customers are always looking for innovation and new products. Mcdonald is famous for its product innovation.Mcdonalds has introduced new products,removed old products and always looking for the better products so that customers are satisfied. mcdonalds india majority of products are vegetarian products. Price Price is a very important tools which identifies how reliable and qualitative a product is. when a customer is buying some thing He/she first draw in his/her own mind of what the product is worth of.If the price of a product is very low customer think quality is being promised. price should really reflect brand and its integrity. Mcdonalds products are classified in two categories,BA (Branded affordability) and BCV (Branded Core Value products)an example of BA is McAllo tikka and chicken Mcgrill burgers which cost consumer 20-30 rupees. BCV products mainly include McVeggie and McChicken Burgers that cost 50-60 indian rupees. Promotion Promotion is a way by which company tries to communicate with public and make them aware of what the company is offering. One of the method is Advertisement.Advertisement is conducted on TV,Cinema,Internet,magazines,Poster site,press and radio. other ways of promotion includes direct mail,loyalty scheme,door drops and merchandising. Mcdonalds is unique in the way they do promotion. In order to capture the market Mcdonalds india has promoted well to improve its sales. Although advertising is expensive but the return is so high. Mcdonalds spends big part of its budget on promotion. Place Place plays very important role in launching a produc t and making it successful. Mcdonalds has expanded through out in India Urban areas.Mcdonald is currently targeting urban areas as we know that big part of population is living in urban areas. place doesnt only include physical location but it is includes all the processes that eventually leads to product ending in customers hand. Place plays very important role in getting priority over the rivals and place should be selected after research on the local demography,income level and customers preferences. Mcdonalds in india chooses a particular place after long research and checking local areas demographic characteristics,income level etc.this is the reason Mcdonalds is very successful in india. CONCLUSION Mcdonalds is considered to be the King of the fast food.To achieve this greatness Mcdonalds has tried hard for ages to prove itself in the competitive environment of Fast food. The key factors in success of Mcdonalds in my view is innovation,customisation,good management and above a ll best Marketing strategies adopted by Mcdonalds. Mcdonalds in India has a very bright future because of the customers bank,customised approach from Mcdonalds towards its customers and above all the strong brand Image.

Relationships between Satisfaction with Life Essay

Abstract Satis occurrenceion with conductspan is a purpose highly valued in forthwiths society. In an effort to understand mechanisms behind the deportment sentence delight, limn study investigated the affinitys mingled with social vane size of it, optimism and conscientiousness and the outcome unsettled, satisfaction with life. The quaternion vari adequate to(p)s were measured through the use of a survey. Participants were students from California State University, Fullerton.A correlational analysis of the data showed a signifi squeeze outt dogmatic relationship between optimism, and conscientiousness and satisfaction with life. It was withal set that individualistics with large social interlock size were more satisfied than those with small social meshing size. These findings imply that up(a) levels of optimism and conscientiousness and increasing superstars social network can insure great life satisfaction.Relationships between Satisfaction with spirit, a ffable intercommunicate Size,Optimism, and conscientiousness Satisfaction with life is most often one of the grea see concerns of an individuals life. There is a general belief that an inability to achieve satisfaction with ones life indicates an unsuccessful life. Because of this socially generated drive for satisfaction with life, one is make to wonder. What factors argon related to the experience of life satisfaction? What variables atomic number 18 good predictors of life satisfaction? One suspected variable that would act as a good predictor of satisfaction with life is social network size. A social network refers to an individuals link or relationship with different individuals. This link can cause certain social behavior to be explained (Mitchell, 1969). Quinn, Gavigan, and Franklin (1980) defined social networks to be the social units an individual is placed in contact with. Quinn et al. (1980) studied the effects of social network interaction on life satisfaction in s ometime(a) adults. The findings indicated that social network interaction was not a good predictor of satisfaction with life. Another study conducted by Bowling, Farquhar, ands Browne (1991) indicated that social network size is a poor indicator of life satisfaction. The study involved the participation of two types of individuals those who rattlingd in rustic neighborhoods and those who lived in urban neighborhoods. Bowling et al. (1991) famed larger reported social network sizes for individuals in the urban areas as opposed to those in the rural areas.Despite this divagation in reported social network sizes, life satisfaction between the two groups was not found to be different. This may, however, gather in been a result of disparity in the levels of interaction available to individuals residing in the two areas. The insignificant findings may have been a result of the inherent divagations between neighborhoods and therefore not interpreter of the social network size of a attached individual. Optimism is a second variable deemed to be related to feelings of satisfaction with life. A greater sense of optimism allows one to maintain an watch on life that allows for the consideration of the world as a generally controlling place. question exploring the life satisfaction felt by retired physicians showed that greater optimism resulted in a greater satisfaction with their life. (Austrom, Perkins, Damush, and Hendrie, 2003)In retired individuals, curiously, optimism may be an essential variable for achieving life satisfaction as it may excessively be a coping mechanism to the sudden change in lifestyle for the said individuals. The retired physicians felt that the greatest challenge going against their satisfaction with life was in the loss of their professional roles, thus, optimism might have served as a form of mediation between the two stages of the transition. Having a positive outlook on the way their lives was going allowed these physicians to better accept the end of their professional careers and to look forward to the beginning of their retired life.The probable importance of optimism as a mediator was also evidenced by the fact that in the same study by Austrom et al. (2003) it was found that optimism didnt play as significant a role in determining life satisfaction when it came to the physicians wives. This may have been due to the fact that they did not need to maintain a positive outlook to boost a sudden change in life roles. Optimism and not pessimism, which involves having a negative outlook on life, is found to be a greater predictor of life satisfaction. This was specifically found by a study conducted by Chang & Sanna (2003). Thus in the present study, only the variable of optimism willing be taken into consideration and not its counterpart, pessimism. Another variable that may show a relationship with an individuals satisfaction with life is the personality feature of conscientiousness. Conscientiousnes s has been investigated by many researchers in terms of how well it predicts an individuals life satisfaction. This characteristic refers to an individuals tendency to be organized, active and reliable in their behavior. (Chapman, Duberstein, and Lyness, 2007)Conscientiousness may have a role to play in satisfaction because conscientious individuals are able to have more mature defenses and are also able to have a quality of life that is considered by most to be above par as they are able to have more responsibility and control over their health, their social interactions, and their general well-being (Chapman et al, 2007). It may well be that the same link can be found between conscientiousness and life satisfaction. If higher levels of conscientiousness indicate higher quality of life, it may also indicate greater score of satisfaction with life as a result of the same mechanisms. A study by Lounsbury, Saudarga, Gibson, and Leong (2005) examined just this relationship. Through a n inspection of the personality characteristics accounted for in the risky Five, it was found that conscientiousness along with extroversion, agreeableness, neuroticism, and nakedness to experience account for 45% of total perceived life satisfaction. Is conscientiousness, then, as a variable independent of the other personality traits in the Big Five, significantly related to satisfaction with life? The present study aims to investigate the relationships that exist between satisfaction with life and the trinity variables stated above social network size, optimism, and conscientiousness. Based on the empirical evidence provided by knightly literature, it is predicted that satisfaction with life will be significantly correlated to optimism and conscientiousness. A greater level of optimism and conscientiousness in an individual will indicate a greater satisfaction with life.Also, social network size is hypothesized to have no significant difference of opinion on satisfaction with life. The last hypothesis is based on the findings of past literature. However, due to the questionable nature of past studies and how these measured social network against life satisfaction, the present studys hypothesis may turn out to be negated. It is hypothesized, then, that the variables of optimism and conscientiousness will have a significant and direct relationship with satisfaction with life period that of social network size will have no significant difference on satisfaction with life.MethodologyParticipants The participants of the study totaled 91 students, 23 (25.3%) of whom were male and 68(74.7%) of whom were female. (See Table 1 in Appendix for tabulated figures) All the participants were enrolled in Research Method in psychological science classes at the California State University, Fullerton.The ethnicity break down of the participants is the following African American 1.1%, Asian (Pacific Islander) 3.3%, Caucasian 49.5%, Hispanic 27.5%, pump Eastern 2.2%, Southeast Asian 2.2%, multiethnic 11%. 3.3% of the participants reported to having other types of ethnicity. (See Table 2 in Appendix for tabulated figures) The ramble in ages of the participants was from 19 long time to 46 years. The mean age was 23 years old. (See Table 3 in Appendix for tabulated figures) None of the participants received incentive for their participation. There were no extra credits or monetary compensations given in exchange for their contribution to the study.Materials or Measures Positive and Negative Affect Schedule (PANAS Watson, Clark, & Tellegen, 1988). The PANAS measures trait negative dissemble or the affective well being of the participants. It is composed of a 10-item scale designed to measure typical experiences of negative affect. Participants are able to rate the bound to which they experience certain mood states such as distressed, upset, scared, and irritable. They are able to do this through the indicators of a 5-point scale (very slightl y or not at all, a little, moderately, quite a bit, extremely). The participants were asked to indicate to what limit they felt to each one feeling or emotion listed during the past two weeks from the time of the survey. Satisfaction with Life Scale (SWLS Diener, Emmons, Larsen & Griffin, 1985) The SWLS is a global measure for subjective well-being and life satisfaction. Diener et al (1985) defined life satisfaction as a conscious cognitive judgment life. This entails an individuals comparison of their own life experiences with a self-set standard. The scale is composed of 5 items and utilizes a 7-point Likert-type scale (1-strongly disagree to 7-strongly agree). The items of the test include statements such as The conditions of my life are excellent and If I could live my life over, I would change almost nothing. Possible total scores range from 5 to 35. A resulting score ranging from 5 to 19 signifies dissatisfaction while scores between 21-31 signify satisfaction. Life Orientat ion Test (LOT-R Scheier, Carver, & Bridges, 1994) The LOT-R measures generalized optimism. The test is made up of 10 items. Participants will indicate the extent to which they agree with the 10 statements in the test through a 5-point Likert-type scale (0-strongly disagree to 4-strongly agree). The statements involved sentiments desire in uncertain times, I usually expect the best. A participant can achieve a score from 0 to 24 with a higher score indicating greater levels of optimism. Big Five list (BFI John, Donahue, & Kentle, 1994) The BFI was utilize to assess the personalities of the participants with regards to the five aspects included in the big five namely extraversion, agreeableness, conscientiousness, neuroticism, and openness to experience. The BFI consists of 44 items that ask the participants to rank themselves on a 5-point Likert-type scale (1-disagree strongly to 5-agree strongly). The 44 items deal with different types of behavior related to the Big Five. For the present study, the BFI will be used to measure the variable of conscientiousness. BFI items related to conscientiousness included perseveres until the task is finished, is a reliable worker, and does things efficiently.Lubben brotherly Network Scale (LSNS-6 Lubben &Gironda, 2003) The LSNS-6 is a test of a set of questions establishing ties with relatives and ties with non-relatives. Examples of these questions include How many relatives do you see or hear from at least once a month? and How many friends do you see or hear from at least once a month? The participant chooses one of the options available for each question. These answers have corresponding points. Total scores of the participants may range from 0 to 30. A higher score indicates a higher level of social network. For this research, the LSNS-6 was used to measure social network size. A high score in the LSNS-6 was taken to signify a larger social network size while a low score meant a smaller social network size.Rosenber g Self-Esteem Scale (RSES Rosenberg, 1989) The RSES measures global self-esteem. The test is composed of 10 items. Responses are given on a 5-point Likert-type scale (1-strongly disagree to 5-strongly agree). A seek question is At times I feel like I am no good at all.Subjective Happiness Scale (SHS Lyubominsky, and Lepper , 1999) The SHS measures global subjective happiness. The test consists of four items. Responses are given on a 7-point Likert-type scale (1-7). A sample question is Some people are generally very happy. They enjoy life regardless of what is going on, getting the most out of everything. To what extent does this characterization describe you?Gratitude Questionnaire (GQ McCullough, Emmons, and Tsang, 2002) The gratitude questionnaire is a self-report test measuring global gratitude. The test consists of six items. Responses are given on a 7-point Likert-type scale (1-stronlgy disagree to 7-strongly agree). A sample item is If I had to list everything that I was gra teful for, it would be a very long list.Tendency to Forgive Scale (TTF Brown, 2002) The TTF is a test measuring global forgiveness tendencies. The test consists of four items. Responses are given on a 7-point Likert-type scale (1-strongly disagree to 7-strongly agree). A sample item is I tend to get over it quickly when someone hurts my feelings.ProcedureQuestionnaires were handed out to all participants in their respective classrooms of Research Method in Psychology at the California State University, Fullerton. Participants were given instructions as a group and were told that participation in this study would be anonymous. It was also stated that they may voluntarily choose to participate and could withdraw at anytime. The whole session took about 15-30 minutes. Participants were provided informed consent prior to the administration of the test and were debriefed after they finished.ResultsThe results showed that individuals with a smaller social network size (mean=4.10) were sig nificantly less satisfied compared to those with life larger social network size (mean=5.05 t(89)= -3.79, p.001). There was a noted positive correlation between optimism and satisfaction with life (r = 0.543, p = 0.01). A positive correlation was also found between conscientiousness and satisfaction with life (r = 0.222, p = 0.05)Discussion The main persona of this research was to establish whether a relationship existed between satisfaction with life and optimism, and satisfaction with life and conscientiousness. Another purpose was to establish whether social network size made a difference to satisfaction with life. The original hypothesis of the study stated that a significant positive relationship would be found between satisfaction with life and optimism as well as between satisfaction with life and conscientiousness. It was also hypothesized that social network size would not have a significant difference on satisfaction with life. The hypotheses of the present study were bas ed on the findings of past researches. (Quinn et al, 1980 Bowling et al, 1991 Austrom et al, 2003 Chang and Sanna, 2003 Chapman et al, 2007 Lounsbury et al, 2005)The results of the menstruation study show that there is a significantly positive relationship between satisfaction with life and two variables it was compared against, namely, optimism and conscientiousness. Results also showed a significant difference with social network size and satisfaction with life. The initial hypotheses for optimism and conscientiousness were concorded. The hypothesis regarding social network size, however, was rejected by the statistical results. The findings on optimism and conscientiousness formalize past research findings. These showed that greater optimism in life contributed to greater satisfaction with life (Austrom et al., 2003).Optimism was also found to be a good predictor of life satisfaction (Chang and Sanna, 2003). Past findings established conscientiousness to be a contributing fact or to life satisfaction (Lounsbury et al, 2005) as well as a variable directly related to higher quality of life ratings (Chapman et al., 2007). The findings on social network size, on the other hand, disagree with past research findings where social network interaction was not found to be related to life satisfaction (Quinn et al., 1980) and where the size of the individuals social network was determined to be a bad predictor of life satisfaction (Bowling et al., 1991).Optimism may be able to affect life satisfaction positively due to the fact that a positive outlook on life can also cause a better assessment of past experiences not just of present circumstances. If one is able to achieve a better disposition towards life, the tendency to overlook the negativity that will detract from satisfaction felt towards life will be greater. This shows that the statistical significance of optimism (r=0.543, p=0.01) with satisfaction with life is warranted.Conscientiousness, on the other hand , was also positively correlated to (r=0.035, p=0.05) with satisfaction with life. This may be due to the fact that conscientiousness indicates a better ability to handle life experiences. Conscientiousness, as defined in the Big Five Inventory (Donahue et al., 2001), entails caution, dependability, organization and responsibility. These characteristics when applied to the customary behavior and experiences of an individual are most likely to indicate an individual who achieves success.People who are more cautious, more dependable, more organized, and more responsible are the ones who are achievers in human society. It may be that the success and achievement linked with conscientious people is also the link that sustains their satisfaction with life. This is not to submit that individuals deemed to have low conscientiousness are not likely to feel satisfaction with life. The findings only suggest that a high level of conscientiousness predicts life satisfaction to great extent.The discussion of how social network size is related to satisfaction with life should be done with care. The fact that previous research found no significant difference between social network and life satisfaction may have been due to the inadequacy of measurement with the past research. Quinn et al. (1980), for example, concentrated on the interaction that occurred in social network and not size. This meant that Quinn et al. (1980) focused on the quality of the individuals social network and not on the quantity.Bowling et al. (1991), on the other hand, compared two different localities and this is what might have caused the inconsistencies in their findings concerning social network size and life satisfaction. Inherent characteristics of urban and rural locations could have played into action and caused the insignificant findings. For the present study, however, the significant difference between social network size and life satisfaction makes sense especially because social network size is also an indicator of an individuals degree of social interaction as well as sources of social support both of which are essential in an individuals development.The findings of this study are limited because of the small sample size used. A bigger sample that is more representative of the general population should be used in future research. In addition, only a few variables concerning satisfaction with life were investigated. forthcoming research should incorporate more variables that may affect life satisfaction into the study. The variables of social support, social interaction, and pessimism are a few of the factors that should be investigated. The significant relationship between social network size and life satisfaction should also be validated by future studies as the results in this study are not in agreement with previous works.The implications of the study are far-reaching. Establishing the relationships existing between life satisfaction, optimism, and conscientio usness allows different clinicians and practitioners in the healthcare system a chance to improve their handling of clients with low satisfaction with life.This may most likely involve former(a) adults. Because satisfaction with life in itself is a concept that health-care workers find hard to deal with, finding other personality traits and variables that are related to it enables these workers an alternative in aiding these types of patients. Increasing optimism and improving conscientiousness in an individual can serve well to increase their satisfaction with life. In addition, increasing the size of the clients social network will improve their satisfaction with life.The present studys findings can also be expanded to teachers in the field of education. Satisfaction of their students can be increased by allowing them to feel more optimistic about their activities also by guiding them to be more conscientious in their behavior. Also, increasing opportunities for students to enla rge their social networks can also help these students improve their feelings of satisfaction with life.ReferencesAustrom, M.G., Perkins, A. J., Damush, T. M., & Hendrie, H. C. (2003). Predictors of life satisfaction in retired physicians and spouses. Social Psychiatry & Psychiatric Epidemiology, 38, 134-141Bowling, A., Farquhar, M., & Browne, P. (1991). Life satisfaction and associations with social network and support variables in ternion samples of elderly people. International Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry, 6, 549-566Brown, R. (2003). Measuring individual differences in the tendency to forgive construct validity and links with depression. Society forPersonality and Social Psychology, 29, 759-771Chang,E.C., & Sanna, L. J.(2003). Optimism, stash away life stress, and psychological and physical adjustment is it always adaptive to expect the best?Journal of Social and Clinical Psychology,22,97-115.Chapman, B., Duberstein, P., & Lyness, J. M. (2007). Personality traits, education , and health-related quality of life among older adult primary care patients. Journals of Gerontology series B psychological sciences and social sciences, 62B, 343-352Diener, E., Emmons, R., Larsen, R. J., & Griffin, S. (1985). The Satisfaction With Life Scale. Journal of Personality Assessment, 49, 71-75.John, O. P., Donahue, E. M., & Kentle, R. (1991). The Big Five Inventory Versions 4a and 54. Technical Report, Institute of Personality Assessment and Research, Berkeley, CA University of California, Berkeley.Lounsbury, J. W., Saudarga, R. A., Gibson, L. W., & Leong, F. T. (2005). An investigation of broad and narrow personality traits in relation to general and domain specific live satisfaction of college students. Research in Higher Education,46, 707-729Lubben, J. E., & Gironda, M. W. (2003a). Centrality of social ties to the health and well-being of older adults. In B. Berkman & L. K. Harooytan (Eds.), Social work and health care in an maturation world (pp. 319-350). New York SpringerLyubomirsky, S., & Lepper, H. S.(1999). A measure of subjective happiness Preliminary reliability and construct validation.Social Indicators Research,46,137-155.Mancini, J. A., Quinn, W., Gavigan, M. A., & Franklin, H. (1980). Social network interaction among older adults implications for life satisfaction. Human Relations, 33, 543-554McCullough, M. E., Emmons, R. A., & Tsang, J. (2002). The grateful disposition A conceptual and empirical topography. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 82, 112-127.Mitchell, J. C. (1969) The concept and use of social networks. In Social Networks in Urban Situations Analysis of Personal Relationships in Central African Towns Ed. J.C. Mitchell. Manchester Manchester University PressRosenberg, Morris. (1989). Society and the adolescent self-image. Revised edition. Middletown, CT Wesleyan University Press.Scheier, M. F., Carver, C. S., & Bridges, M. W. (1994). Distinguishing optimism from neuroticism (and trait anxiety, self-mastery, an d self-esteem) A reevaluation of the Life Orientation Test. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 67, 1063-1078.Watson, D., Clark, L. A., & Tellegen, A. (1988). Development and validation of brief measures of positive and negative affect The PANAS scales. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 54,1063-1070.

Mobile Phone Use: Assess The Risks Compared With The Benefits Of Mobile Phone Use Particularly In Relation To Young People

Mobile hollers, the 21st century way of communicating, are they a great thing that whole kit and boodle wonders and revolutionize peoples lives? Or are the risks to high a price to pay? I am going to investigate the risks of using officious phones. Around 1/4 (6 million) of mobile phone put onrs are under the age of 18 and the number of young users is expected to rise with the total numbers of users is meant to rise to 1.2 jillion by 2005 with the fastest growing market as the 9-10 year olds. Consequently the questions are children more at risk than others and what are the risks need to be asked and answered. foremost health. The area of the brain and its reaction to radiation is very vague and scientists are not 100% sure about anything. There have been no particular proposition experiments carried out by scientists and at that place is a big gap in our scientific knowledge in this area, but it has been shown that mobile phone use does hit brain activity and experts consider children to more vulnerable there are many actors for this one of these is that children are not fully developed and their skulls are flat and so it is easier for the radiation waves to penetrate the skull whereas a fully grown person will have a thicker skull and so is less at risk, although it has been proven by research that use of mobile phones speeds up an individuals reactions.Research has been done on 420 000 phone users to find out whether they have a crosstie with cancer, no link was found. However, the incidence of brain cancer has increase 25% since 1973, according to the National Cancer Institute. Each year, 185,000 Americans will be diagnosed with a primary or metastatic brain tumour, according to the National Brain Tumour Foundation. Also, in another Swedish study a correlation was found between brain tumours and mobile phone use, regardless of which side of the head it is used. So all in all, though the current balance of evidence does not show health problems ca used by mobile phones, it does show that mobile phone use does affect brain activity and this is not a problem the mobile phone manufacturers can ignore. some other aspect is base stations (masts.) Should we be worrying about these as well? It is said that the closer the phone is to a mast the safer they are. This is because they automati appointy reduce the output by about 1000th of the full power. Therefore, the more people who use the mobile phones the more masts the companies will put up the safer it will be to use the mobile phones. The heating affect from base stations is 5000x smaller than from the mobile phone itself. On the other hand, however, the environmental impact of masts might affect peoples sand of well-being and there is a perceived risk from them to health, so there is particular concern when placed near schools.The expense is another issue there is definitely two sides to this argument. One side of the argument is that the mobile is an unnecessary expense for p arents to cope with, and that the youngsters take advantage of their parents. On the other hand, if there is a problem with this, then the parents can either say look use it sparingly, or refuse to pay the bills and buy them a pay and go phone where it is the childs problem if they have no money on their phones and they can pay for their own to-up vouchers. One advantage is that it frees up the landline home for the parents, as a parent Anne Kent explains at first I thought it was unnecessary but soon changed my mind when I saw it freed up our phone at home, and has the foster advantage of reducing landline bills as a consequence. Clearly this problem can be easily solved it just needs a puss of common sense. This leads us onto the next area, childrens safety (in relation to crime) and responsible use.One of the main advantages to young people having mobiles is that it gives their parents peace of mind so there are less worried parents especially those in remote areas, As Mrs Wat son of Northumberland explains we felt it was important for Sian to have a mobile phone because living in the outlandish we are very isolated. Both parent and child are able to feel more secure only being a telephone call away from each other. On the other hand how secure is a child with the rising crime statistics.Crime is another big issue that should be considered carefully. Mobile phone robberies make up 36% of Londons crime and 41% in Birmingham also. It has been said by the metropolitan police that mugging for mobile phones has increased by 53% in the last year with 11-16 years olds most at risk. 12% of young teenagers have had a phone stolen at least once, and most of this theft is carried out by black males in gangs. It is said by many that they only have phones to show off. So are you disposed(p) to take the risk?The final issue is whether education is adversely affected. On the one hand many schools say this is not a problem in most cases because there are strict no phone rules. On the other hand, some say that mobiles have become the teachers pest with students using mobiles to text during lesson and so on. another(prenominal) side to this is the language used in text messages for example cul8r (see you later) could this destroy the English language?My verdict is that we cannot simply ban phones. It would be like proscription the use of cars just because there is a risk of injury or damage. Its not right to take todays generations way of communicating away from them. Another reason is that if they were banned or even just made illegal for children to have them, there would hundreds of thousands of jobs lost because the mobile phone industry is growing daily. We dont take the make from the baby or the car from the driver, so why the phone from the teenager. However, in the light of the evidence it would be equally foolish to use them wilfully. So just precautions should ensure safe use.

Experiment to Investigate Osmosis in Potatoes Essay

The aim of this experiment is to investigate the movement of body of piddle in and f completely out of imbed cells. The cells chosen for study bequeath be taken from white stump spud vine pipers. Firstly I allow explain what osmosis is. Osmosis is the characterization of pissing from a region of lofty piss concentration through a semi semipermeable membrane to a region of low piddle concentration. This definition contains three most-valuable statementsa) It is the passage of water through a semi permeable membraneb) It is the passage of water from a region of high water concentrationc) It is the passage of water to a region of low water concentration.All the in a higher place statements are included in the definition, but define certain aspects of it.Semi-permeable membranes are very sylphlike depositers of material which allow somewhat things to pass through, but prevent others. A cell membrane is semi permeable. They allow small molecules like oxygen, water, amino acids etc. to pass through but pass on non allow larger molecules like sucrose, starch, protein etc. through. A region of high concentration of water is either a very dilute root word of something like sucrose or pure water. In each case there is a lot of water a high concentration of water. A region of low water concentration is the opposite of the above, i.e. a very high concentration of sucrose solution a low water concentration.The water content of plants varies depending on environmental conditions. In Land plants this water plays a vital role in the play along of tissues and the transport of materials around the organism. Lack of water leads to wilting and eventually death. Water is mainly absorbed through the roots, which are covered in specially capable root hair cells, with large surface areas and thin cell walls to aid absorption. It is drawn up the plant through xylem vessels by a pull resulting from the drying up of water through thestomata on the leaves.Th is drying up is called transpiration and the xylem flow resulting is called the transpiration stream. Soluble food substances formed during photosynthesis are transported around the plant in the phloem tubes. This movement of water through the plant in the xylem vessels or phloem tubes is similar to the flow of blood in humans as it transports soluble mineral salts, nutrients and auxins, (plant hormones), from place to place. The evaporation of water from the leaves also removes heat energy from the plant and helps to prevent overheating.Transpiration pulls water up the plant stem but osmosis is the process whereby water is drawn into or out of cells and tissues. Osmosis is the flow of water by diffusion through a polarially permeable membrane from areas of high water concentration to regions of low water concentration. The diagram below illustrates thisWater can freely pe send awayrate all membrane. The cellu drop off cell wall does not act as a semi permeable membrane and pull u p stakes allow most substances that are dissolved in water to freely pass through it.Whether water enters the cell by osmosis or not pull up stakes depend on the symmetricalness between external and interior solute concentrations and the state of the cell. If the solutions on each side of the differentially permeable membrane are equally concentrated then there give be no net movement of water across the membrane. This is called an equilibrium state and the solutions are referred to as being isotonic. A solution that contains more solute particles than another, and is hence more concentrated, is referred to as being hypertonic. The less concentrated solution is hypotonic. This concentration of solute particles is usually draw as a millity.Even if the solute concentration external to the cell is hypotonic to the vacuole contents the cell will not continue to take in water by osmosis for ever. The cellulose cell wall provides a rigid barrier to uncontrolled elaboration. A cell t hat is full of water is called turgid and cannot expand further as the outward pressure on the cell wall is balanced by the inward pull of the stretched wall. This wall pressure is called turgor pressureand the internal outward force on the wall is called osmotic pressure.At the other extreme, a cell placed in a solution that is hypertonic to its contents will lose water by osmosis. The cytoplasm will cease to exert a pressure on the cellulose cell wall and the cell, described as flaccid, will take ininess support.Water loss can continue to such an extent that the cytoplasm, and attached cell membrane, contracts and detaches from the cell wall. A cell in this condition is said to achieve to undergone plasmolysis. This very rarely, if ever happens in nature.As osmosis is the diffusion of water molecules and as diffusion is the random movement of particles from areas of high concentration to low concentration it capability be expected that any factors that speed up or slow down t he movement of these particles would affect the rate of osmosis.Using knowledge of the process of osmosis and with a good understanding of thou I should be able to determine the solute concentration of the vacuoles in spud tuber cells. As it would be impossible to greenback with any degree of accuracy the expansion or contraction of cells on an individual basis I make believe decided to brass at chance on or loss of water in terms of increase or decrease in view. Mass, I feel, will be a more dead-on(prenominal) way of recording the change of the potatoes as when measuring continuance, it does not take into account the change in diameter of the detach. I will also look at the increase or decrease in duration to verify the accuracy of my results and compare the two readings. A cell placed in an isotonic solution should show no change whereas one placed in a hypertonic solution will lose mass.For this experiment, I will invite to choose a factor to vary. These factors are Mo larity of the sucrose solution Surface area of the potato Type of potato used Age of the potato pH of the sucrose solution TemperatureThe factor I make believe chosen to vary is the metre of lodges solution as I believe this will be easy to regulate as the concentration can be easily altered utilise distilled water. I will use 1 molar solution and alter the concentrations as shown belowMolarity of sugar solutionAmount of waterAmount of sucrose solution0.0500.2410.4320.6230.8141.005For this experiment I will need 1 large potato to produce 18 potato tubers cork borer distilled water 1 molar sugar solution pipettes 18 test tubes ruler to measure length of potato tubers electric balance to measure the massI have selected the above equipment because I feel it will help me to escort completed results. To ensure a fair test I will take all my potato samples from the same potato using the same cork borer and keep all of my apparatus the same. I will try and treat each potato tube th e same. I will measure each potato tube separately to ensure accurate measurements and carry out the procedure 3 times for each molarity tested. This will mean that I will need to measure 18 potato tubers. Three results will enable me to take an sightly result, making the results, hopefully, more precise and reliable. If one of the results seems very different to the others, I shall identify it as an anomalous result and retake the reading.When I carry out this experiment, I will get a potato and take some tubes from it using a cork borer I will then cut these tubes into shorter lengths and measure the length and mass of each of the 18 lengths. All the lengths will be cut to 25mm. The solutions will be altered according to the molarity required and cm3 of each solution placed in each test tube. apiece molarity will occupy three test tubes. The go offs will then be put into each test tube and left over night. They will then be taken out of their test tubes, dried lightly with a pa per towel and the new mass and lengths recorded. Once the results have been collected, they will be tabulated and analysed. A chart will be drawn and any trends noticed explained.Prior to the experiment we carried out a short pilot test, using potato chips and solutions of strength 0.0, 1.0 and 2.0 molar solutions. The chips were25mm in length each, and each chip was placed in 5 cm3 of either distilled water/1.0 molar / 2.0 molar sugar solutions and left for 30 minutes. The potato chips were then measured and the results recorded. They are shown belowChipSolution1Water21.0 molar32.0 molarChip numberOriginal lengthResultant length125mm29mm225mm24mm325mm20mmThese results show that a potato chip placed in water will gain in length, a weak sugar solution will lose length and a bulletproof sugar solution will lose length also. The results from this test will allow me to choose an appropriate range of moralities in order to get down out what the concentration is inside the cell vacuol e. I am going to investigate 0.0, 0.2, 0.4, 0.6, 0.8 and 1.0 molar sugar solutions. I have chosen these concentrations to try and accurately find when there is no net movement of water, hence the concentration of the cell vacuole.From previous work done on osmosis, I predict that molarity and amount change in mass/ length will be indirectly proportional. I think there will be a negative coefficient of correlation between the two. I think that there will be both loss and gain in mass discovered. I think the graph will look like this but there will be no plasmolysed on my graph, as I do no expect my measurementsto go that far. I hope to be able to identify the point when there is no net movement of water.Analysis of ResultsThe Consequences of Osmosis in plant cellsPlant cells always have a strong cell wall surrounding them. When the take up water by osmosis they start to swell, but the cell wall prevents them from bursting. Plant cells die turgid when they are put in dilute solutio ns. Turgid means swollen and hard. The pressure inside the cell rises, eventually the internal pressure of the cell is so high that no more water can enter the cell. This liquid or hydrostatic pressure works against osmosis. Turgidity is very important to plants because this is what makes the green parts of the plant stand up into the sunlight.When plant cells are placed in concentrated sugar solutions they lose water by osmosis and they occasion flaccid this is the consider opposite of turgid. If you put plant cells into concentrated sugar solutions and look at them under a microscope you would see that the contents of the cells have shrunk and pulled away from the cell wall they are said to be plasmolysed.When plant cells are placed in a solution which has exactly the same osmotic strength as the cells they are in a state between turgidity and flaccidity. We call this incipient plasmolysis. Incipient means about to be. When I forget to water the potted plants in my study you wil l see their leaves droop. Although their cells are not plasmolysed, they are not turgid and so they do not hold the leaves up into the sunlight.Graph 1 shows the average percentage change in length of the potato tubers. It shows that as molarity increases the average change in length decreases. The graph drawn looks accurate as the curve did not have to be one of best fit, but went through all of the points plotted exhibit that all the readings were accurate. The potato tubers gained/ loss length, the molarity increases the sugar solution becomes more concentrated, and moreconcentrated than inside the cell. At 0.2M solution there is no net movement of water. As the strength of the concentration increases the cells shrink and become flaccid.Graph 2 shows the average percentage change in mass of the potato tubers. It shows that as molarity increases the average change in length decreases. This graph is very similar to the graph showing the length loss or gain, but appears less accurat e as there is an anomalous result. This is at 0.4 molar, it lies off the best-fit curve drawn by 9.2%. The curve is one of best fit and follows the same trends as graph 1.My results seem fairly accurate and although the graph showing length seems to be more accurate as it is a curve that goes through all of the points, it barely shows the change in length, and not in mass. The graph showing mass change 2 gives a more accurate view of what happened as it takes into account the expansion of the potato both ways and has a broader percentage change range. This means that instead of just spanning 30% in total (as does graph 1) it spans 80% (as does graph 2). This gives a broader field of results and is therefore more accurate, as the mass is a more accurate result than length as the potato chip will get wider as well as longer. My results do seem to be reliable, as the graphs drawn support my prediction and seem accurate as they all lie on a smooth curve.ConclusionFrom the results obtai ned, I can conclude that the average gain or loss in mass of the potato chip is indirectly proportional to molarity. I can also say that average gain or loss in length of the potato chip is indirectly proportional to molarity. Both of the results show a negative correlation. I can now say that the more concentrated the solution, the more mass/length is lost. This is because the water inside the cell moves out, causing the cell to shrink. When the cells are in a less concentrated solution they gain in length and mass as water is taken into the cell and the cell swells. The results gave enough information to support my original prediction. Both of the graphs cut the x-axis at 0.2, showing that the molarity of the internalsolute of a cell is 0.2m. This also shows that my results were very alike and reliable.EvaluationMy results seem to be very accurate. I can tell this because when the points were plotted they all lay on the curve, apart from one anomalous result, 0.4Mon the graph show ing mass. There was however only one anomalous result and the others were all very reliable. This may have been because the results had an average taken so it may not have been accurate. I could increase the accuracy by taking more repetitions which should make the average more accurate. As the potatoes were left over night, the temperature changed which may have affected the results, but it should not have made a drastic difference to the graphs as all of the potatoes were subjected to exactly the same temperature changes.This could be improved by placing the test tubes into a water bath so they were kept at a never-ending temperature. The same potato was used in each of the experiments, which may also have contributed to the reliability of my results. The mass was more accurate to measure for many different reasons. Length does not take into account the change in diameter of the chips, and you can not measure fractions of millimetres on a ruler, but the electric balance will re cord change from 2 decimal places,e.g. mass 1?43 1?34length 25 23whilst length can only be measured to the nearest millimetre. For the mass, we had to be careful that all the potato chips were dried in the same way as this may have altered the reading. This may have been what caused the anomalous results, as it was lighter that the best fit line i.e. some water may have been lost through harder drying, or squeeze play during the drying process. If some of the water evaporated overnight, it would have incresed the molarity of the solutions, thus making the results innaccurate. This could be combatted by putting a bung in the top of the test tubes to stop the evaporation and keeping the sugar slution concentrations the same.To improve the accuracy of the results I would include more concentrations tofind the point of plasmolysis as in my experiment, I did not get to the point of plasmolysis in my experiment, so if I was to extend this experiment, I would investigte a wider rage of concentrations to investigate furthur and increase accuracy. I would also increase the repetitions to 5 per molarity and increase the molarity to try and find the point of plasmolysis. I could also decrease the range between each molarity (every 0.05 for example) to try and find the exact concentration of the potato cells where there is not net gain. This investigation was succesful but could still be made more accurate by some of the above ways.

Alternative Medicine And Placebo Effect Health And Social Care Essay

Alternate checkup distinguishing characteristic is going more widely employ, particularly in the United States wellness attention system and it is suggested that more than 80 % of the universe s population tradition complementary and start health check exam specialties ( CAMs ) ( Mainardi, Kapoor & A Bielory, 2009 ) . In 2000, a BBC study into the physical exercise of CAM in the United landed estate showed that iodin fifth of population had apply some signifier of CAM in that twelvemonth ( Ernst & A White, 2000 ) . Alternate medical specialty takes the signifier of many methods. in that location are five chief classs of CAM which include alternate medical systems, biologically natesd therapies, manipulative therapies, mind-body theories and energy therapies ( Mainardi, Kapoor & A Bielory, 2009 ) . The most popular therapies in 2000 were osteopathy, chiropractic, acupuncture, homoeopathy and hypnotherapy ( Ernst & A White, 2000 ) .The term placebo core is norma lly used in the literature, only when a consistent definition is yet to be agreed on ( Brinkhaus, Pach, Ludtke & A Willich, 2008 ) . The Latin definition of the word placebo means I go forth delight ( Niggemann, & A Gruber, 2006 ) which jackpot be described as a positive alterative result, happening after intercession of a physiological or psychological response ( Williamson & A Rankin-Box, 2009 ) , and do-nothing be dominated by ends, desires, outlooks and associated emotions ( Teixeira, Guedes, Barreto & A Martins, 2010 ) . The placebo signification toilet be described as a neurophsyiological phenomenon ( Campbell, 2000 ) , and by looking at different illustrations of alternate medical specialty, the biological and psychological accounts of the consequence can be explored. acupunctureAcupuncture is an ancient signifier of health care and focuses on handling malady through stimulation of the organic structure s self-healing powers ( Williamson & A Rankin-Box, 2009 ) . Acupuncture is based on ancient Chinese medical specialty and works to equilibrate the energy flow, qi , in the human organic structure by infixing acerate leafs into specific points on organic structure called acupoints which are located along acmes , which are the waies of energy in the organic structure ( Goddard, Shen, Steele & A Springer, 2005 ) . The do of stylostixis on hurting can ensue in physiological and/or psychological responses of the organic structure, but grounds suggests there are biological foundations in this therapy ( Lundeberg, & A Stener-Victorin, 2002 ) . By looking at grounds for statements from a biological and psychological position, one can discourse the use of the placebo consequence in this type of alternate medical specialty.Biological PositionSurveies utilizing antielectron emanation imaging ( positron emission tomography ) and functional magnetized resonance imagination ( functional magnetic resonance imaging ) have demonstrated some bi ological grounds for the usage of stylostixis, proposing that there is more to the therapy than merely a cure consequence ( Teixeira et al. , 2010 ) . This can be explained by the activation of authorized encephalon countries in the cardinal nervous system ( Goddard et al. , 2005 ) . With the usage of functional magnetic resonance imaging and PET scans, there is grounds that when specific points on the organic structure are subjected to acupuncture, there is activation in specific parts of the encephalon. This allows one to distinguish among existent stylostixis and outlook ( Lewith, White & A Pariente, 2005 ) , demoing that stylostixis does hold a biological account.The limbic system may besides be pertain in the randy production of laughter and shouting which is common in stylostixis ( Campbell, 2000 ) . Evidence demoing that there is inactivation of the amygdaloid nucleus and hypothalamus during stylostixis, implies that there is a specific function for the limbic system in stylostixis therapy ( Hui, Marina, Liu, Rosen & A Kwong, 2010 ) . Hui et Al. s ( 2010 ) work supports the biological foundations in the usage of stylostixis, but besides recognises the of here and now function of emotion in the therapy, which would supply grounds for the use of the placebo consequence.Lundeberg and Stener-Victorin ( 2002 ) emphasis the wideness of biological deductions in effects of stylostixis. They describe how the physiological stimulations of musculus contractions and certain organ maps are convertible to effects of exercising, i.e. the release of endogenous opiods and Pitocin in both stylostixis and exercising ( Lundeberg, & A Stener-Victorin, 2002 ) . Lundeberg s earlier value with Andersson ( 1995 ) besides found that stylostixis excites the same receptors and afferent nervus fibers in the stirred tissue as in physical exercising ( Andersson & A Lundeberg, 1995 ) .psychological PositionAcupuncture is based on the organic structure s self-healing power s ( Williamson & A Rankin-Box, 2009 ) , so there is ground to reason whether stylostixis effects are merely a psychological ( placebo ) response with small biological account ( Enck, Klosterhalfen & A Zipfel, 2010 ) . Goddard et Al. ( 2005 ) depict how the placebo consequence is utilised in therapy, non merely by the esthesis of the needle, but chiefly the attending, compassionate attention, self-awareness and transition of outlooks involved in the process ( Goddard et al. , 2005 ) . Expectation is a cardinal facet of non lone stylostixis, but many other types of alternate medical specialty.Astin et Al. ( 1998 ) conducted a reappraisal into why people use CAM and found that the chief grounds were the unhurried s deficiency of response to conventional intervention, the patient s petition, belief in efficaciousness and fewer inauspicious effects ( Astin, Marie, Pelletier, Hansen, & A Haskell, 1998 ) . It is the belief and outlook of utilizing alternate medical specialties which demonstrates grounds for the placebo consequence, and it is the people with advanced outlooks about the effects of stylostixis who show more response than those who do non believe in the intervention ( Teixeira et al. , 2010 ) . This psychological factor is of import in stylostixis as the effectivity of the intervention and reconstructing the natural flow of critical energy ( Hui et al. , 2010 ) involves bodily centripetal stimulation ( Andersson & A Lundberg, 1995 ) and if the patient does non believe in the procedure, they impart non experience the same effects ( Goddard et al. , 2005 ) .Other facets of the therapy involve the attending and interaction amidst the patient and healer. A reappraisal into the increased usage of CAM in the UK showed that one of the factors forcing patients off from conventional wellness attention is the dissatisfaction of the patient-doctor affinity, which attracts people to a more holistic method where the intervention was more various(prenomina l)ized ( Little, 2009 ) i.e. in alternate medical specialty. The individualized, manual scrutiny agencies increased communicating between the patient and healer and this societal communicating can be in the signifier of touch.The psychological importance of touch plays a cardinal function in stylostixis and the patient s experience consequences in feelings of improved self-image, increased self-worth and well-being. These positive feelings are what patients base their beliefs about the effectivity of stylostixis on and believe their organic structure is mending ( Campbell, 2000 ) . This shows how alternate medical specialty utilises the placebo consequence where it is the patient s belief that has the greatest impact on the efficiency of the therapy.The ambiance involved in alternate medical specialty plays a function in the result, and consequences show that when patients behave out their ain stylostixis after being taught the process, they report that their ain attempts are less successful than when the healer provides the attention ( Campbell, 2000 ) . This demonstrates once more the importance of psychological factors which provides grounds for the usage of the placebo consequence.HomeopathyHomeopathy falls under the alternate medical systems class of alternate medical specialty ( Mainardi, Kapoor & A Bielory, 2009 ) and can be define as a curative method utilizing readyings of substances whose effects when administered to healthy topics correspond to the use of the upset ( symptoms, clinical marks, pathological provinces ) in the single patient ( Swayne, 2002, cited in Ernst, 2005 ) . It is a widely used type of alternate medical specialty and uses the basic premiss that like is cured by like ( Shang et al. , 2005 ) . Homeopathic medical specialty is used with the purpose of exciting a individual s innate capacity for self-regulation and self-healing ( Weatherley-Jones, Thompson & A Thomas, 2004 ) . By researching the biological and psychological grounds, one can understand the use of the placebo consequence in this type of alternate medical specialty.Biological PositionHomeopathic medical specialty can be used to supervise internal fluctuations via centripetal feedback through splanchnic or bodily perceptual experience, and patients interpret their feelings as positive or more negative emotional feelings ( Teixeira et al. , 2010 ) . This shows support for the biological position for utilizing alternate medical specialty, where patients construe how their internal organic structure province feels, which consequences in the healing procedure.Thompson ( 2010 ) looked into the usage of alternate medical specialty in menopausal adult females and chest malignant neoplastic disease subsisters, and provides grounds that reveals an association between intervention of homeopathic medical specialty and betterment of symptoms and quality of life for the patients ( Thompson, 2010 ) . Thompson discussed the clinical benefits of homoeopa thy and argued that the benefits can non be explained by the hypothesis that the therapy is merely a placebo consequence ( Thompson, 2010 ) . This grounds supports the opinion that there is biological grounds behind homoeopathy, nevertheless, compared to acupuncture, there is significantly less grounds for this type of alternate medical specialty.Psychological PositionHomeopathy is similar to acupuncture in the room that the non-specific curative effects of the doctor-patient relationship, the personal intervention and deficiency of inauspicious effects all contribute to making positive outlooks of the therapy ( Teixeira et al. , 2010 ) . This relationship between outlook and the consequences of therapy provides grounds that this type of alternate medical specialty uses the placebo consequence, by trusting on patients beliefs that the therapy leave work. Therapists might utilize techniques to reenforce these beliefs by utilizing verbal suggestions during the intervention and ma king a suited environment.The patient-therapist relationship plays a cardinal function in homeopathic therapy, and the healer can organize tidy confederations with their patients by sharing strong beliefs ( Shang et al. , 2005 ) . Homeopathy is a holistic method and focal points on handling the whole individual, so making non-therapeutic effects will heighten the patients beliefs that the therapy is mending them. It is besides the belief that the physicians understand the unwellness and the effects of the intervention that enhances the patients outlooks that the methods will work and therefore will increase their opportunities of recovery ( Margo, 1999 ) . development trust and strong relationships could take clip to organize, but over clip patients go more confident in the therapy, which consequences in new beliefs about wellness, unwellness and the organic structure being formed ( Barry, 2006 ) ( Weatherley-Jones, Thompson & A Thomas, 2004 ) .The grounds shows how the placebo consequence is utilised in homoeopathy by working towards a positive curative result ( Williamson & A Rankin-Box, 2009 ) , and maintained by developing patients outlooks of the alternate methods of intervention. Research has suggested that many scientists think that the usage and effects of homoeopathy violates natural Torahs and some conclude that any clinical consequence must be a placebo consequence ( Linde et al. , 1997 ) ( Niggemann & A Gruber, 2006 ) . However, one must take into consideration that this is simply another manner of looking at the grounds, and there is support for viing theories.To What Extent Does Alternative Medicine Utilise the Placebo Effect?By critically looking into the biological and psychological facets of stylostixis and homoeopathy, the extent to which the placebo consequence is utilised in these methods can be generalised to other types of alternate medical specialty. In footings of the grounds for both statements, stylostixis shows legal grounds that there is a biological footing back uping the therapy and surveies utilizing functional magnetic resonance imaging and PET scans have shown that specific encephalon countries are activated when specific acupoints are stimulated ( Teixeira et al. , 2010 ) ( Goddard et al. , 2005 ) ( Lewith, White & A Pariente, 2005 ) . Homeopathy besides has a biological footing behind the therapy and research has shown an association between homeopathic intervention and positive effects on patients wellness and quality of life ( Thompson, 2010 ) .There is a important sum of psychological support for the usage of alternate medical specialty, chiefly because alternate medical specialty is a move off from conventional medical specialty. A motivation for increased usage of alternate medical specialty develops when there is a deficiency of response to conventional intervention. The usage of CAM is prevailing in patients with Alzheimer s disease, multiple induration, malignant neoplastic disease, A back jobs, anxiousness, concerns, and chronic hurting ( Astin et al. , 1998 ) , where there is no specific medical intervention. Astin et Al. ( 1998 ) predict that as the general population ages, the incidence of chronic unwellnesss will besides increase, which will take to increased usage of such interventions ( Astin et al. , 1998 ) .Other facets of the effectivity of such interventions are linked to the psychological experience involved. The ambiance, the patient-therapist relationship ( Barry, 2006 ) ( Weatherley-Jones, Thompson & A Thomas, 2004 ) ( Little, 2009 ) ( Campbell, 2000 ) and the outlooks of the results of alternate therapies ( Shang et al. , 2005 ) ( Margo, 1999 ) ( Teixeira et al. , 2010 ) ( Goddard et al. , 2005 ) are all key in both stylostixis and homoeopathy, which all contribute to the use of the placebo consequence.In decision, holding demonstrated the biological and psychological statements for the usage of the placebo consequence in stylostixis and homoeop athy, one can generalize to alternate medical specialty as a whole and say that the placebo consequence plays an of import function in the effectivity of these signifiers of interventions. There has been a high degree of research into the usage of alternate medical specialties, and although CAMs are widely used across the universe, there are few empirical surveies looking into the safety and efficiency of such interventions ( Tilburt et al. , 2009 ) . This is because alternate medical specialty plants by handling the individual as a whole, and efficiency of such methods rely on outlooks and belief on portion of the patient. This, hence, supports the impression that the placebo consequence plays a important function in the sensed result of alternate processs.Word count 1959 words